Standard Jet DBnb` Ugr@?~1y0̝cßFNWb7ݜ(/` {6$߱mC63y[C,|*|љ[f_Љ$g'DeFx -bT4.0g  Y S  Y   Y Y  Y Y  Y  Y  Y   Y u Y o Y n Y z Y 2lY  Y  z Y  pY ConnectDatabaseDateCreateDateUpdate FlagsForeignNameIdLvLvExtraLvModule LvPropName OwnerParentIdRmtInfoLongRmtInfoShortTypeniMMMMYYIdParentIdName        OY4Q4Q4QS Y Y Y  Y 2@ACMFInheritableObjectIdSID YObjectId Y@L*L*L*SY  Y -Y Y  Y  Y -Y  Y AttributeExpressionFlagLvExtra Name1 Name2ObjectId Order8 Y"ObjectIdAttribute -YSY Y Y  Y  Y  Y M Y M Y ccolumn grbiticolumnszColumnszObject$szReferencedColumn$szReferencedObjectszRelationshipMMM MMMM MMMM MYYYszObject$szReferencedObjectszRelationshipYv1b N  : k & W  C t/  ( ( ( (@@X  @@OJmJLJkQkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkmJL^Qk`kvkJMQk`kvkdL[QMmk`kvkhoQiYQk`kvkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkmdfYMbdmQk`kvkOL  @~  @ @(" (" (" (" (" ("("("("("("("("("("("("("      d k f  &*P@x*P@Topic Notes ?@#(DDD88888886 @(P@(P@MSysRelationships =DDDDDDDDDDB (P@(P@MSysQueries =88888888886 (P@(P@MSysACEs =22222222220 (P@(P@MSysObjects =88888888886 (P@(P@MSysDb ?.........., (P@(P@Relationships =<<<<<<<<<<: (P@(P@Databases =44444444442 (P@(P@Tables =.........., jY??zK|{bN????Y Y d YID TitleCommentsp!GH7v`Bwl @/808:py#qc ߐ!g;gA? `8A+0"@,#A~9l8 ƌ@@gb8Yx   @!~y!!Zsðt B3&i}!3-$< p ?os `  '}"9>ߜ@@~;s;q ?#+èx&s/{|/N`0x> qݿw>ϧ@ġxGyțoOۇ<x. #4ȃa0 ` @ <,?5?<?Y8&ǎ1<n| ?=wDGLxaǁ ?o^x9r? ?Lg |A8?`>H\;>|3@~<i!‹}>m#H?| Ɵ〄0G {E0oo~;C2! yTOw}%=FHGA=PG) LVAL {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AA\par \b0\par (old), in ancient Egyptian mythology, was one of the daemons who accuse the soul of the deceased in the Hall of the Two Truths; also a deity worshipped in the town of Aat.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 A. N. A. N. I. S. A. P. T. A.\par \par (ananisapta) are the initial letters of the following words: Antidoton Nazareni Auferat Necen Intoxationes, Sanctificet Alimenta Pocula Trinitas Alma. This acrostic word is an amulet, which, according to the superstitions of former times, was said to do good service, especially against toothache. It had to be carried around the neck. Even to speak the word Ananisapta three times was often quite sufficient.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } Ra. nG" n ;  S  ] ( a , k L + uNe*I|M H#e(S ~CRABBEY2W"hUQABBESSXU"hUPABBES, JAMES @T*OABBES, GUILLAUME@T2&NABBE@ @SMABBATIA@P LABBATI|@PKABBASSIDESrQ"hU&JABBAS, ABBOT@P*IABBAS (TITLE)@O, HABBAS@OGABBANUS~@N FABBANDUSV @M"EABBAHUrK"hUDABBADOPRESBUTEROS@H4(CABBADIE, JACQUESI"hU2&BABBACY@HAABBAF"hU@ABAUZIT, FIRMIN@E0$?ABAURx@D>ABATINI, GUIDO UBALDOP@D>2=ABATI, NICCOLO(C"hU."<ABATI, ERCOLED@B, ;ABATAZ@B:ABASSINES: @A$9ABASKANTON^@@&8ABAS@?7ABARUS@?6ABARIS@>5ABARIM<"hU4ABARCA, PEDRO@;, 3ABARCA, DON JOAQUIN@:8,2ABARBAREAx@:$1ABANA8"hU0ABAN@7/ABAMURUSR@7".ABAJI BEN-CAJLIL:@72&-ABAGTHA@6 ,ABADIR@6+ABADIAS@6 *ABADDON4"hU )ABAD Y QUEYPEO, MANUEL @3>2(ABACUS*0"hU'ABACUC ABACHUM@/."&ABACUC@/%ABABIL@/$AB-BETH-DIN4 @.(#AB- @- "AB+"hU !AAZRAK\@* AAUV@) AAS@) AARONITE@)"AARON, ST @($AARON, SAMUEL @', AARON, PRESBYTER OF ALEXANDRIA@&NBAARON, HA KOHEN@&0$AARON, BEREHJA@%."AARON, ZAHALA@%, AARON OF BISTRTZ@#2&AARON, BEN-HA-RISHON~@$:.AARON, BEN-JOSEPH@$4(AARON, BEN-JOSEF @#2&AARON, BEN-ELIA@"0$AARON, BEN-CHAYIM@"4(AARON, BEN-ASHER!"hU2&AARON, ACHARON@ ."AARON, ABIOB2@ *AARONr"hU AARE, DIEDERIK VAN DER@>2 AARA@ AALAR(@ AAHLU@ AAHERUP@AAH@ AAGAARD, NICHOLAS&@4(AAGARD, CHRISTIAN@4(AAEDE@AACS, MIHALY @*AA, CHRISTIAN CHARLES HENRYJ@H<AA.@G ANANISAPTA6@&LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AA, CHRISTIAN CHARLES HENRY\par \b0\par (in Dutch, Christian Karel Hedrik) Van der, a learned Lutheran divine, was born at Zwolle, in Overyssel, Netherlands, Aug. 25, 1718 He studied theology at Leyden and Jena in 1737, and was the first secretary-perpetual of the Society of Sciences in Holland, which he assisted in founding at Haarlem in 1752. For fifty-one years he performed the pastoral functions of the Lutheran Church of that place; and died there in 1793. He published several sermons. His writings on the natural sciences are printed in a collection of Dutch periodicals, entitled Algemeene Vaderlandsche Latterefeningen published in 1793. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.; Biog. Universelle s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVALp{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AAEDE\par \b0\par one of the original three muses of the ancient Egyptians; the other two were Melete and Mneme.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AACS, MIHALY\par \b0\par a Hungarian philosopher and theologian, was born at Szent Martolny (or Martonhegy;), in Transylvania, July 9, 1631. He finished his studies in Germany, and filled the office of pastor at Hemegges Ala, at Raab, and at Rosenau. He died at Rosenau Dec; 23, 1708. He wrote in Latin and Hungarian, Fontes Calvinismi Obstructi Tubingen, 1669): \emdash Bodag Halalak Szekere (Strasb. 1700). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen.; s.v.\par \par \par \par Aacs, Mihaly (2), \par \par a Hungarian theologian, was born at Raab, Feb. 28, 1672. He studied theology at Wittenberg and Tubingen; and became chaplain of a Hungarian regiment. He died at Bartfeld, Feb. 2, 1711. He wrote in Latin and Hungarian, Dissertatio Historicotheologica de Catechumenis (Strasb. 1700): \emdash Magyar Theologia (Bartfeld, 1709): \emdash Currus Mortis ex Pestilentia, in quo Hominibus Salutarem Mortem Cupientibus Gratiam ipsemet Dominus Jesus Preparet (Strasb. 1702). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVALN ({\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AAGAARD, NIOHOLAS\par \b0\par (Niels), brother of CHRISTIAN AAGAARD, was librarian in the University of Soroe, Denmark, where he died, Jan. 22, 1657, aged forty-five years. He and his brother were both Lutherans. Among other works, he wrote, A Disputation on the Style of the New Testament (Soroe, 1655, 4 to).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\b\f0\fs29 AAGAARD, CHRISTIAN\par \b0\par a Danish poet and theologian, was born at Viborg in. 1616. He was professor of poetry at Siore, and afterwards lecturer in theology at Ripen, Jutland." \emdash He died in February \emdash 1664. Among his poems are, De Hommagio Frederici III, Dania et Norw. Regis (Hafniae, 1660,' fol.): Threni Hyperborai, on the death of Christian IV. All his pieces are inserted in Rostgaard's Delicic quorundam Poetarum Danorum (Leyden, 1695, 2 vols. 12 mo). See, Moreri, Dict. Hist. 1810.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL" {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAHLU\par \par (Aaluna, Aahenru, Or Aahnaru)\par \par the ancient Egyptian name for the plains of Elysium, of which the valley of Balot formed a part.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAHERU\par \par (the Chief of Terrors), one of the mystical deities of the Egyptian hell.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAH\par \par (the Moon), the ancient Egyptian name of the god who was called by the Romans Lunus. He was represented as an ibis-headed man, with the lunar horns and disk upon his head; or else as a man kneeling on one knee and supporting a disk above his head with both hands.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } 2LVAL F{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARE, DIEDERIK VAN DER\par (Dirk Or Thierry) Van Der,\par \par was bishop of Utrecht in the 13 th century. He seems to have attended more to the temporalities of his see than to his spiritual duties, and was involved in frequent warfare with William, count of Holland. He governed Utrecht for fourteen years, and died at Deventer, Dec. 5, 1212. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARA\par a factitious term used by the Rabbins (Lex. Talm. Aruch, s. v.) as an example of a word beginning with two X's, like AAZRAK (q.v.). In the Talmud, according to Buxtorf (Lex. Talm. col. 2), it is written Avera ar-yw-a, perhaps only a singular Chaldaic form of the plural Urim See Urim (q.v.), light. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AALAR\par \par Aala/r, a person who (or a place from which some of the Jews) returned after the captivity (1 Esd 5:36); more correctly called in the parallel list (Neh 7:61) Immer See Immer (q.v.).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON\par \par [vulgarly pronounced Ar'on] (Heb. Aharon', h-a, derivation uncertain: Gesenius, Thesaur. Hebrews p. 33, thinks from the obsolete root rh^a*, to be libidinous [so the Heb. Lex. Aruch, from hr*h*, referring (erroneously) to his conception during the Pharaonic edict]; but in his Hebrews Lex. s. v. compares with orh*, mountaineer; Furst, Hebrews Handworterbuch, s. v., makes it signify enlightener, from an obsolete root rh^a* roa, to shine. Sept., N. T., and Josephus, Aarwon.\par \par I. History. \emdash Aaron was the eldest son of the Levite Amram by Jochebed, and the brother of Moses (Ex 6:20; 7:7; Num 26:59); born B.C. 1742. He is first mentioned in the account of Moses' vision of the burning bush (Ex 4:14), whore the latter was reminded by the Lord that Aaron possessed a high degree of persuasive readiness of speech, and could therefore speak in His name in his behalf. During the absence of Moses in Midian ( B.C. 1698-1658), Aaron had married a woman of the tribe of Judah, named Elisheba (or Elizabeth), who had borne to him four sons, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar; and Eleazar had, before the return of Moses, become the father of Phinehas (Ex 6:23-25). Pursuant to an intimation from God, Aaron went into the wilderness to meet his long-exiled brother, and conduct him back to Egypt. They met and embraced each other at the Mount of Horeb (Ex 4:27), B.C. 1658. When they arrived in Goshen, Aaron, who appears to have been well known to the chiefs of Israel, introduced his brother to them, and aided him in opening and enforcing his great commission (Ex 4:29-31). In the subsequent transactions, Aaron appears to have been almost always present with his more illustrious brother, assisting and supporting him; and no separate act of his own is recorded, although he seems to have been the actual instrument of LVALeffecting many of the miracles (Ex 7:19 sq.). Aaron and Hur were present on the hill from which Moses surveyed the battle which Joshua fought with the Amalekites (Ex 17:10-12); and these two long sustained the weary hands upon whose uplifting (in order to extend the official rod, rather than in prayer, see ver. 9) the fate of the battle was found to depend. Afterward, when Moses ascended Mount Sinai to receive the tables of the law, Aaron, with his sons and seventy of the elders, accompanied him part of the way up, and were permitted to behold afar off the symbol of the Sacred Presence (Ex 24:1,2,9-11). During the absence of Moses in the mountain the people seem to have looked upon Aaron as their head, and an occasion arose which fully vindicates the divine preference of Moses by showing that, notwithstanding the seniority and greater eloquence of Aaron, he wanted the high qualities which were essential in the leader of the Israelites (see Niemeyer, Charakt. 3, 238 sq.). The people at length concluded that Moses had perished in the fire that gleamed upon the mountain's top, and, gathering around Aaron, clamorosly demanded that he should provide them with a visible symbolic image of their God, that they might worship him as other gods were worshipped (Ex 32). Either through fear or ignorance, Aaron complied with their demand; and with the ornaments of gold which they freely offered, cast the figure of a calf (see Kitto's Daily Bible Illust. in loc.). See Calf. \par \par However, to fix the meaning of this image as a symbol of the true God, Aaron was careful to proclaim a feast to Jehovah for the ensuing day (see Moncaeius, Aaron purgatus sive de vitulo aures, Atreb. 1605, Franckf. 1675). At this juncture, Moses' reappearance confounded the multitude, who were severely punished for this sin. Aaron attempted to excuse himself by casting the whole blame upon the people, but was sternly rebuked by his brother, at whose earnest intercessions, however, he received the divine forgiveness (Deut 9:20). DuringLVAL this and a second absence in the mountain, Moses had received instructions regarding the ecclesiastical establishment, the tabernacle, and the priesthood, which he soon afterward proceeded to execute. See Tabernacle; See Worship. Under the new institution Aaron was to be high-priest, and his sons and descendants priests; and the whole tribe to which he belonged, that of Levi, was set apart as the sacerdotal or learned caste. See Levite. Accordingly, after the tabernacle had been completed, and every preparation made for the commencement of actual service, Aaron and his sons were consecrated by Moses, who anointed them with the holy oil and invested them with the sacred garments (Lev 8:9), B.C. 1657. The high-priest applied himself assiduously to the duties of his exalted office, and during the period of nearly forty years that it was filled by him his name seldom comes under our notice. But soon after his elevation his two eldest sons, Nadab and Abihu, were struck dead for daring, seemingly when in a state of partial inebriety, to conduct the service of God in an irregular manner, by offering incense with unlawful fire. On this occasion it was enjoined that the priests should manifest none of the ordinary signs of mourning for the loss of those who were so dear to them. To this heavy stroke Aaron bowed in silence (Lev 10:1-11). Aaron joined in, or at least sanctioned, the invidious conduct of his sister Miriam, who, after the wife of Moses had been brought to the camp by Jethro, became apprehensive for her own position, and cast reflections upon Moses, much calculated to damage his influence, on account of his marriage with a foreigner \emdash always an odious thing, among the Hebrews. For this Miriam was struck with temporary leprosy, which brought the high-priest to a sense of his sinful conduct, and he sought and obtained forgiveness (Num 12). See Miriam. Subsequently to this (apparently B.C. 1620), a formidable conspiracy was organized against Aaron and his sons, as well as against Moses, by cLVALhiefs of influence and station \emdash Korah, of the tribe of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram, of the tribe of Reuben. See Korah. But the divine appointment was attested and confirmed by the signal destruction of the conspirators; and the next day, when the people assembled tumultuously, and murmured loudly at the destruction which had overtaken their leaders and friends, a fierce pestilence broke out among them, and they fell by thousands on the spot. When this was seen, Aaron, at the command of Moses, filled a censer with fire from the altar, and, rushing forward, arrested the plague between the living and the dead (Num 16). This was, in fact, another attestation of the divine appointment; and, for its further confirmation, as regarded Aaron and his family, the chiefs of the several tribes were required to deposit their staves, and with them was placed that of Aaron for the tribe of Levi. They were all laid up together over night in the tabernacle, and in the morning it was found that, while the other rods remained as they were, that of Aaron had budded, blossomed, and yielded the fruit of almonds. The rod was preserved in the tabernacle (comp. Heb 9:4) as an authentic evidence of the divine appointment of the Aaronic family to the priesthood \emdash which, indeed, does not appear to have been ever afterward disputed (Num 17). Aaron was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, on account of the distrust which he, as well as his brother, manifested when the rock was stricken at Meribah (Num 20:8-13). When the host arrived at Mount Hor, in going down the Wady Arabah See EXODE, in order to double the mountainous territory of Edom, the divine mandate came that Aaron, accompanied by his brother Moses and by his son Eleazar, should ascend to the top of that mountain in the view of all the people; and that he should there transfer his pontifical robes to Eleazar, and then die (Num 20:23-29). He was 123 years old when his career thus strikingly terminated; and his son and his brother buried him in a cavern of LVALthe mountain, B.C. 1619. See Hor. The Israelites mourned for him thirty days; and on the first day of the month Ab the Jews yet hold a fast in commemoration of his death (Kitto, s. v.). The Arabs still show the traditionary site of his grave (Num 20:28; 33:38; Deut 32:50), which in the time of Eusebius was reputed to be situated in Petra, in the modern Wady Mousa (Onomast. s. v. Or; Am. Bib. Repos. 1838, p. 432, 640). He is mentioned in the Koran (Hottinger, Hist. Orient. p. 85 sq.), and the Rabbins have many fabulous stories relating to him (Eisenmenger, Ent. Judenth. 1:342,855,864). For Talmudical references, see Real-Encyklop. s. v. For an attempted identification with Mercury, see the Europ. Mag. 1:16. See Moses.\par \par In Ps 133:2, Aaron's name occurs as that of the first anointed priest. His descendants ("sons of Aaron," Josh 21:4,10,13, etc.; poetically, "house of Aaron," Ps 115:10,12; 118:3, etc.) were the priesthood in general, his lineal descendants being the high-priests. See Aaronite. Even in the time of David, these were a very numerous body (1 Chron 12:27). The other branches of the tribe of Levi were assigned subordinate sacred duties. See Levite. For the list of the pontiffs, including those of the line of Ithamar (q.v.), to whom the office was for some reason transferred from the family of the senior Eleazar (see Josephus, Ant. 5:11, 5, 8:1, 3), but afterward restored (comp. 1 Sam 2:30), See High Priest.\par \par II. Priesthood. \emdash Aaron and his sons were invested by Moses with the priestly office, which was to remain in Aaron's line forever (Ex 29). This was altogether distinct from the semi-sacerdotal character with which his mere seniority in the family invested him according to patriarchal usage. The duty and right of sacrificing to God was thereafter reserved to that family exclusively. The high-priesthood was confined to the first-born in succession; and the rest of his posterity were priests, simply so called, or priests of the second order (Ernesti, De Aarone, WitLVALtenb. 1688-9). See Sacerdotal Order.\par \par III. Typical Character. \emdash Aaron was a type of Christ (see Hylander, De Aarone summisque Judoeor. pontificibus, Messioe typis, Lond. and Goth. 1827) \emdash not, indeed, in his personal, but in his official, character:\par \par 1. As high-priest, offering sacrifice;\par \par 2. In entering into the holy place on the great day of atonement, and reconciling the people to God; in making intercession for them, and pronouncing upon them the blessing of Jehovah, at the termination of solemn services;\par \par 3. In being anointed with the holy oil by effusion, which was pre-figurative of the Holy Spirit with which our Lord was endowed;\par \par 4. In bearing the names of all the tribes of Israel upon his breast and upon his shoulders, thus presenting them always before God, and representing them to Him;\par \par 5. In being the medium of their inquiring of God by Urim and Thummim, and of the communication of His will to them. But, though the offices of Aaron were typical, the priesthood of Christ is of a far higher order. Aaron's priesthood was designed as "a shadow of heavenly things," to lead the Israelites to look forward to "better things to come," when "another priest" should arise, "after the order of Melchizidek" (Heb 6:20), and who should "be\par constituted, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life." (See Hunter, Sacred Biog. p. 282 sq.; Evans, Scrip. Biog. 3, 77; Williams, Characters of O. T. p. 97; Gordon, Christ in the Ancient Church, 1:271.) See Priest.\par \par \par \par (Below is a second article on the same topic.)\par \par \par \par Aaron\par \par The following description of the ascent to his reputed tomb on Mount Hor is taken from Porter's Handbook for Syria (p. 91). See HOR.\par \par "Ascending the ravine from the south-eastern angle of the valley, we reach in about half an hour the plain called Sutuh Harun, which skirts the base of Mount Hor. Crossing this towards theLVAL south-east side of the peak, we find a path winding up to the summit. The ascent from the plain must be made on foot, and occupies about an hour. It is neither difficult nor dangerous if the proper track be followed, for in the steeper portions rude steps aid the pilgrim. Not far from the summit is a little platform, from which the central and culminating peak rises in broken masses, giving a peculiar character to the mountain, like \emdash \par \par 'Embattled towers raised by Nature's hands.' \par \par A deep cleft in the rock opens a way to the top. A little way up are the openings to subterraneous vaults with rounded arches, nearly similar to those in front of the tomb in the eastern cliff of Petra. From hence a staircase leads to the narrow platform on which the tomb stands.\par \par "The tomb, as it now stands, is comparatively modern; but it is composed of the ruins of a more ancient and imposing structure. Some small columns are built up in the walls, and fragments of marble and granite lie scattered around. The door is in the- outh-west corner. An ordinary cenotaph, such as met with in every part of the East \emdash a patchwork of stone and marble \emdash is the only thing in the interior. It is covered with a ragged pall, and garnished with the usual accompaniments \emdash old shawls, ostrich-eggs, and a few heads;" Near the north-west angle a staircase leads down to a dark vault, partly hewn in the rock. Visitors desirous of exploring this grotto would do well to have lights in readiness. The real tomb of the high-priest is here shown at the far end of the vault. It was formerly guarded by an iron grating. The date of the building is at least prior to the time of the Crusades; for the author of the Gesta Prancorum mentions that in the time of Baldwin ( A.D. 1100) an expedition was made in vallem Moysi, to Wady Musa; and that there, on the summit of a mountain, was an oratory. Fulcher of Chartres, who also gives an account of the expedition, says he saw the chapel. It is highly pr LVAL obable that the spot was held sacred by the Christians before the Mohammedan Conquest.\par \par Aaron is commemorated as a Christian saint in the Ethiopic calendar on March 27; and his deposition on Mount Hor is assigned in early Roman martyrologies to July 1.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par } LVAL {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON ACHARON\par \par (i. e. the younger), a rabbi born at Nicomedia in the beginning of the 14 th century. He belonged to the sect of the Caraites. We have from him several Hebrew works on mystical theology (The Tree of Life, The Garden of Faith, The Garden of Eden), and a literal commentary on the Pentateuch, entitled <START HEBREW>hr*oT rt#s@\par <END HEBREW> (vail of the law). \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 6.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON ABIOB\par \par (Or Aviob),\par \par a rabbi of Thessalonica who lived near the close of the 16 th century. He wrote a literal commentary on the book of Esther, in Hebrew, entitled rM)h^ /m#v#\par \emdash i.e. Oleum Myrrhoe, ex Rabbinorum Commentariis, etc. ( Thessalonica, 1601). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par }  LVAL"hU{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON BEN-ASHER\par \par Aaron ben-Aser, or Aaron bar-Moses,\par \par a celebrated Jewish rabbi, lived in the first half of the 14 th century. He is the author of a Treatise on the Accents of the Hebrew Language, printed in 1517. Aaron collected the various readings of the Old Testament in the manuscripts of the libraries of the West, while his collaborator, Ben-Nephthali, searched for various readings in the Eastern libraries. These variations of the text, though purely grammatical, gave rise to two celebrated sects among the Jews \emdash that of the Occidentals, who followed Ben-Aser; \emdash and that of the Orientals, which only admitted the authority of Ben-Nephthali. Their editions give for the first time the vowel signs, the invention of which has therefore frequently been ascribed to them. The works of Aaron ben-Aser have been printed, together with those of Moses ben-David, at the end of the Biblia Rabbinica of Venice \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 7.\par \par Ben-Asher Aaron Ben-Moses\par \par By way of supplement to the art. AARON BEN-ASER, we add the following. He was born at Tiberias in the beginning of the 9 th century. He is noted for having placed the vowels and accents under the text of the Hebrew Bible known as the Asher-Codex (q.v.). His work on the accents, entitled <START HEBREW><ymufh yqwdqd rps\par <END HEBREW>, has lately been edited by S. Bar and H. L. Strack under the title Die Dikduke Ha-Teamim des Ahron ben-Mloscheh bei scher und andere alte granzmatisch-massoretische Lehrt\'fccke, etc. (Leipzig, 1879), and forms a very valuable, contribution to the history of the text of the Old Testament\par \par B. P. \par \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } <LVALN{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON BEN-ELIA\par \par Aaron Ben-Elia,\par \par a Karaite of Nicomedia, lived in the 14 th century. He wrote a work in imitation of the Moreh of Maimonides, entitled The Tree of Life, which is a presentation, on a philosophical basis, of the dogmas of Mosaism; and contains, also, detailed accounts respecting the religious and philosophical schools among the Arabs. See Ueberweg, Hist. of Philos. 1, 428.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON BEN-CHAYIM\par \par Aaron ben-Chayim,\par \par a celebrated rabbi, born at Fez in the middle of the 16 th century. He was the head of the synagogues of Fez and Morocco. In order to superintend the printing of his works, he made, in 1609, a voyage to Venice, where he died soon after. His works are (in Hebrew), The Heart of Aaron, containing two commentaries on Joshua and the Judges (Venice, 1609, fol.); The Offering of Aaron, or remarks on the book Siphra, an ancient commentary on Leviticus (Venice, 1609, fol.); The Measures of Aaron, or an essay on the 13 hermeneutical rules of Rabbi Ismael. \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 7. First, Bib. Jud. 1, 159.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } <LVALN{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON OF BISTRITZ\par \par Peter Pau1, was a friar of the Order of. St. Basil, and bishop of Fogaras, in Transylvania. \emdash He died in 1760. He wrote Definitio et Exordium Sanctoe \emdash Ecumenicoe Snynodi (Florence, 1762). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale., s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON BEN-JOSEF BEN BENVENISTE BEN-JOSEF BEN-SERACHJA BEN-SHEM-TOB, HA-LEVI\par \par Aaron Ben-Josef Ben Benveniste Ben-Josef Ben-Serachja Ben-Shem-Tob, Ha-Levi,\par \par a Jewish writer of Barcelona, was born about 1235, and died after 1300. He was a great authority and rabbi at Toledo. Being a good Talmudist he wrote some novellas on Talmudical treatises. He also wrote <START HEBREW>ty!B^ ^h qr#B#\par <END HEBREW>, The Fixture of the House, a criticism on the <START HEBREW>ty!B^ ^h tr^oT\par <END HEBREW> of Ben-Adrat, and the <START HEBREW>EWNj!h^ s\par <END HEBREW>, an exposition of the six hundred and thirteen precepts. It has, however, been questioned whether he is the author of the latter work. See Gratz, Gesch. 7:161 sq.; Rosin, Compendium der jud. Gesetzkunde aus dem XI V. Jarhdt. (Breslau, 1871); Neubauer, in Frankel-Gratz, Monatsschr. 1872. p. 179 sq., 184 sq.; Furst, Bibl. Jud 1, 24 sq.; Finn, Sepharadim, p. 300.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON HA-RISHON\par \par (i. e. the elder), a celebrated rabbi of the sect of the Caraites, practiced medicine at Constantinople toward the close of the 13 th century. He had the reputation of being a great philosopher and an honest man. He is the author of an Essay on Hebrew Grammar (<START HEBREW>yP!y) lyl!K=\par <END HEBREW>, "perfect in beauty," Constantinople, 1561), and of a Jewish prayer-book according to the rites of the Caraitic sect (<START HEBREW>toLP!T= rp#s@\par <END HEBREW>, Venice, 1528-29, 2 vols. 4 to). He also wrote commentaries on the Pentateuch, the first prophets (Joshua, the Judges, Samuel, and the Kings), on Isaiah and the Psalms, and on Job, all of which are still inedited. \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 6.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON BEN-JOSEPH SASON\par \par Aaron ben-Joseph Sason\par \par (Schascon), a rabbi of Thessalonica, lived at the close of the 16 th century. He is the author of several celebrated Jewish works, among which are <START HEBREW>tm#a$ tr^wT)\par <END HEBREW> (the law of truth), a collection of 232 decisions on questions relating to sales, rents, etc. (Venice, 1616, fol.); and <START HEBREW>tm#a$ rp#s@\par <END HEBREW> (the book of truth), explicatory of the Tosaphoth of the Gemara (Amsterd. 1706, 8 vo). \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 7.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } dLVAL( v{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON, BERECHJA BEN-MOSE BEN-NECHEMJA\par \par of Modena, who flourished in the 17 th century, and died in 1639, is the author of an ascetic work entitled <START HEBREW>rbum qby\par <END HEBREW>, Maabar Yabbok, "The Ford Jabbok" (Mantua, 1626), which has also been translated into Judaeo-German. This book, divided into five parts, treats of deeds of charity, the fasting of the Israelites, of their manner of enshrouding the dead, etc. See Furst, Bibl. Jud. 1. 22; Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. u.s. \emdash Sekten, 3, 150; Delitzsch, Gesch. d. jud. Poesie, p. 108; Zunz, Literatur-Gesch. d. jud. Poesie, p. 424; id. Zur Literatur u. Geschichte, p. 260\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON ZAHALA\par \par \par \par a Spanish rabbi, died 1293. He is the author of a commentary published under the title Sepher Hachinak, id est Liber Institutionis, recensio 613 legis Mosaicoe praeceptorum, etc. (in Heb., Venice, 1523, fol.) \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1:7.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL& "{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON, PRESBYTER OF ALEXANDRIA\par \par was the author of thirty books on physic, in the Syrian tongue, which he called the Pandects. They were supposed to have been written before 620, and were translated into Arabic by Maserjawalh, a Syrian Jew, about 683. The original Pandects and their translations are now lost, and we have nothing of them remaining but what Mohammed Rhazis collected from them and has left us in his Continens. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON, HA KOHEN\par \par (i.e. "the priest"), an Italian rabbi (sometimes confounded with Aaron of Pesaro) who lived about the middle of the 14 th century. He composed a book entitled Archoth Rhagin Heruk, which is a collection of moral sentences. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON, SAMUEL\par \par a Baptist minister, was born in New Britain, Pa., Oct. 19, 1800. His ancestors were Welsh-Irish. His father dying when he was but six years of age, he was placed under the care of an uncle, working upon his farm for several years, and studying a few weeks in the winter. His later studies were pursued at the Doylestown Academy and at Burlington, N. J. Subsequently he became the principal of an academy; at Doylestown. His ordination occurred in 1829, at which time he became pastor of the Baptist Church in his native place. Here he remained not far from four years, and then removed to Burlington, where he became principal of the high-school, and at the same time, pastor of the Baptist Church. In 1841 he accepted a call to the pastorate of the Church in Norristown, Pa. In 1844 he established a literary institution of a high order in the vicinity of Norristown, which met with great success. In 1857, on. account of financial troubles caused by his endorsement of the paper of a friend, he was obliged to dispose of his school-buildings and give up the school. He then removed to Mount Holly, N. J., where he became pastor of the Church and was associated with his son in carrying on the Mount Holly Institute, which offices he sustained until his death, April 11, 1865. As an educator, Mr. Aaron acquired a good reputation, and he introduced many improvements into text-books used in schools. See Annual Cyclop. 5, 638.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARON, ST.\par \par Aaron, St. (1),\par \par was a Briton who suffered martyrdom with St. Julius in Britain, during the persecution under Diocletian, in 303. We are not informed as to the British name of Aaron; but he and Julius had each a church erected to his memory in the city of Caerleon, the ancient metropolis of Wales. Their festival is placed in the Roman martyrology on July 1.\par \par \par \par Aaron, St. (2),\par \par is said to have been the founder of the first monastery in Brittany. He flourished in the 6 th century, and was eminent for his piety. When St. Malo fled from Britain into Gaul, he was received and hospitably entertained by Aaron, then residing on a little island not far from the present town of Saint Malo. Together with St. Malo, he labored for the conversion of the heathen, and was induced to erect a monastery, over which he presided till his death, in 580. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL ` {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAU\par \par (Old One), an epithet of Osiris, in ch. 78 of the Egyptian Ritual of the Dead. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAS\par \par Aas (Or Aash)\par \par a mystical deity of the Egyptian Ritual of the Dead. Another deity was called Aam. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AARONITE\par \par (Heb. same as Aaron, used collectively), a designation of the descendants of Aaron, and therefore priests, who, to the number of 3700 fighting men, with Jehoiada the father of Benaiah at their head, joined David at Hebron (1 Chron 12:27). Later on in the history (1 Chron 27:17) we find their chief was Zadok, who in the earlier narrative is distinguished as "a young man mighty of valor." They must have been an important family in the reign of David to be reckoned among the tribes of Israel. \emdash Smith, s. v. See Aaron; See Priest.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AAZRAK\par \par (<START HEBREW>irzaa\par <END HEBREW>), a Cabalistic word found in the Talmudic Lexicon Aruch, and apparently invented by the Rabbins in order to correspond to a prohibition found in the Mishna (Shabbate, 12:3) that no person should write on the Sabbath two letters, this word beginning with the letter 3 repeated. In the Talmud, however, it is written Aadrak (<START HEBREW>irdaa\par <END HEBREW>). Buxtorf (Lex. Talmud. col. 2) thinks it is merely the Biblical word - <START HEBREW>;r=Z#a^a&\par <END HEBREW> aazzerka', I will gird thee (Auth. Vers. "I girded thee"), found in Isa 45:5.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU,{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AB\par \par Ab\par \par (<START HEBREW>ba*\par <END HEBREW>, prob. i. q. "the season of fruit, <START HEBREW>r*m@ bb!a*\par <END HEBREW> to be fruitful, and apparently of Syriac origin, D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. s. v. comp. Abib; Josephus, \par <START GREEK>\~)Abba/\par <END GREEK>, Ant. 4, 4, 7), the Chaldee name of the fifth ecclesiastical and eleventh civil month of the Jewish year (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 2); a name introduced after the Babylonian captivity, and not occurring in Scripture, in which this is designated simply as the fifth month (Num 33:38; Jer 1:3; Zech 7:3, etc.). It corresponded with the Macedonian month Lous (\par <START GREEK>Lw=o$\par <END GREEK>), beginning with the new moon of August, and always containing thirty days. The 1 st day is memorable for the death of Aaron (Num 33:38); the 9 th is the date (Moses Cozenzis, in Wagenseil's Sota, p 736) of the exclusion from Canaan (Num 14:30), and the destruction of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar (Zech 7:5; 8:19; comp. Reland, Antiq. Sacr. 4:10; but the 7 th day, according to 2 Kings 25:8, where the Syriac and Arabic read 9 th; also the 10 th, according to Jer 52:12, probably referring to the close of the conflagration, Buxtorf, Synog. Judenth. 35), and also by Titus (Josephus, War, 6:4, 5); the 15 th was the festival of the Xylophoria, or bringing of wood into the Temple (Bodenschatz, Kirchlich, verfassung der Juden, 2:106; comp. Neh 10:34; 13:31; on nine successive days, according to Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. 331; on the 14 th, according to Josephus, War, 2:17); the 18 th is a fast in memory of the extinction of the western lamp of the Temple during the impious reign of Ahaz (2 Chron 29:7). \emdash Kitto, s. v. See Month.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserLVALved.)\par \par } LLVAL\{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AB-\par \par Ab-\par \par (<START HEBREW>ba*\par <END HEBREW>, father), occurs as the first member of several compound Hebrew proper names, e. g. See Abner, See Absalom, etc. not as a patronymic See Ben, or in its literal acceptation, but in a figurative sense, to designate some quality or circumstance of the person named; e. g. possessor of or endowed with; after the analogy of all the Shemitic languages (Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 7; in Arabic generally Abu-, see D'Herbelot, Biblioth. Orient. s. v.). See Father; See Proper NAMES. Hence it is equally applicable to females; e. g. See Abigail (as among the Arabs; comp. Kosegarten, in Ewalds 'Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 1:297-317). In all cases it is the following part of the name that is to be considered as the genitive, the prefix <START HEBREW>ba\par <END HEBREW> being "in the construct," and not the reverse. See Abi-.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 AB-BETH-DIN\par \par Ab-beth-din\par \par (<START HEBREW>/yd tb ba\par <END HEBREW>, i.e. the father or head of the house of judgment, or juridical college) is a term used in the Talmud to denote the vice-president of the Sanhedrim, who sat at the right of the nasi, or president, while at the left sat the chacham, i.e. the wise man. These three persons were called "the ancient," or <START HEBREW>ynqz\par <END HEBREW>, also "the judges," or <START HEBREW>ynyd\par <END HEBREW>. In the absence of the nasi, the ab-beth-din presided. The other members of the Sanhedrim occupied places according to their rank in the college. At a late period a certain punctilious etiquette prevailed. Thus, when the nasi entered, all the members were expected to rise and remain standing till he had invited them to resume their places. When the ab-beth-din entered, all were expected to rise, but allowed again to sit down without intimation to that effect; while the chacham was only saluted by each individual member rising as he passed, and immediately sitting down again. Only the abbeth-din was initiated into the mysteries of the law (Chagiga, fol. 13 b); and when he died, the lectures in the schools of his place were suspended.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } \LVAL p{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABACUC, ABACHUM\par \par Abacuc (Or Abachum)\par \par a martyr commemorated by the Western Church Jan. 19 (or 20), together with Maris (or Mauri), his father; Martha, his mother; and Audifax, his brother. They are said to have come from the confines of Persia, in the time of Claudius II, to Rome, where, after rendering many services to the faithful, they were put to death under Aurelian or Diocletian, about A.D. 270. Their bodies, buried at some distance from Rome, were brought to that city about 820 by pope Pascal I and interred in the Church of St. Adrian, where they were found in 1590 at a place now called Santa Ninfa.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABACUC\par \par (Lat. Abacuc, the Greek text being no longer extant), one of the minor prophets (2 Esdras [in the Vulg. 4 Esdras] 1:40), elsewhere Habakkuk See Habakkuk (q.v.).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABABIL\par \par \par in Arabian mythology, was a fabulous bird mentioned in the Koran, concerning the nature and qualities of which Mohammedan doctors greatly differ.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU1{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABACUS\par \par (Lat. from \par <START GREEK>a&bac\par <END GREEK>, a board). This name is applied in architecture to the uppermost member or division of a capital.\par \par 1. In the Grecian and Roman orders it is a very essential feature.\par \par In the Grecian Doric the abacus has simply the form of a square tile without either chamfer or moulding.\par \par In the Roman Doric it has the addition of an ogee and fillet round the upper edge.\par \par In the Tuscan a plain fillet with a simple cavetto under it is used instead of the ogee and fillet.\par \par In all these orders the abacus is of considerable thickness, and the moulding round the upper edge is called the cimatium of the abacus.\par \par In the Grecian Ionic it is worked very much thinner, consisting of an ovolo or ogee, generally without any fillet above it, and is sometimes sculptured.\par \par In the Roman Ionic it consists of an ogee or ovolo with a fillet above it.\par \par In all the preceding orders the abacus is worked square, but in the modern Ionic, the Corinthian, and the Composite, the sides are hollowed, and the angles, with some few exceptions in the Corinthian order, truncated. The mouldings used on the modern Ionic vary, but an ogee and fillet like the Roman are the most common. In the Corinthian and Composite orders the mouldings consist of an ovolo on the upper edge, with a fillet and cavetto beneath.\par \par 2. In the architecture of the Middle Ages, the abacus still remains an important feature, although its form and proportions are not regulated by the same arbitrary laws as in the classical orders: in the earlier styles there is almost invariabily clear line of separation to mark the abacus as a distinct division of the capital; but as Gothic architecture advanced with its accompanying variety of mouldings, the abacus was subjLVAL2ect to the same capricious changes as all the other features of the successive styles, and there is often no really distinguishable line of separation between it and the rest of the capital.\par \par It not unfrequently happens that the abacus is nearly or quite the only part of a capital on which mouldings can be found to show its date; it is therefore deserving of close attention.\par \par In early buildings of the style spoken of as being, perhaps, Saxon, that is, belonging to the 11 th century, the abacus is, in general, merely a long, flat stone without chamfer or moulding; but it sometimes varies, and occasionally bears some resemblance to the Norman form.\par \par The Norman abacus is flat on the top and generally square in the earlier part of the style, with a plain chamber on the lower edge, or a hollow is used instead. As the style advanced, other mouldings were introduced, and in rich buildings occasionally several are found combined; it is very usual to find the hollow on the lower edge of the abacus surmounted by a small channel or a bead. If the top of the abacus is not flat, it is a sign that it is verging to the succeeding style.\par \par In the Early English style the abacus is most commonly circular; it is, however, sometimes octagonal, and occasionally square, but not frequently in England, except early in this style. The most characteristic mouldings are deep hollows and overhanging rounds; in general, the mouldings in this style have considerable projections with deep and distinct hollows between them.\par \par In the Decorated style, the form of the abacus is either circular or polygonal, very frequently octagonal. The circular abacus is especially an English feature; the octagonal abacus being most common on the Continent, especially in France. Hollows are not so frequently to be found, nor are they in general, when used, so deeply cut; the mouldings and the modes of combing them vary considerably, but rounds are common, particularly a roll or scroll-moulding, the uppeLVALr half of which projects and overlaps the lower, as in Merton College Chapel; this moulding may be considered as characteristic of the Decorated style; although it is to be met with in late Early English work. The round mouldings often have fillets worked on them, and these again are also found in Early English work.\par \par In the Perpendicular style the abacus is sometimes circular, but generally octagonal, even when the shaft and lower part of the capital are circular; when octagonal, particularly in work of late date, the sides are often slightly hollowed in this style the mouldings are not generally much undercut, nor are they so much varied as in the Decorated. A very usual form for the abacus consists of a waved moulding (of rounds and hollows united without forming angles) with a bead under it, as at Croydon, Surrey. The most prominent part of this moulding is sometimes worked flat, as a fillet, which then divides it into two ogees, the upper being reversed the ogee may be considered as characteristic of the Perpendicular capital. The top of the abacus is sometimes splayed and occasionally hollowed out.\par \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAD Y QUEYPEO, MANUEL\par \par Abad y Queypeo, Manuel,\par \par a Mexican bishop, born in the Asturias, Spain, about 1775. Having become priest, he went to Mexico, where he was at first judge of wills at Valladolid de Mechoacan, and, in 1809, appointed bishop of Mechoacan. Upon the outbreak of the war of independence, Abad favored the national party, and declared himself against the Inquisition. When the restoration of Ferdinand VII was proclaimed, Abad was sent to Spain and imprisoned at Madrid. He succeeded in winning the favor of the king, and was not only released, but appointed minister of justice. In the night following, however, he was again arrested by order of the Grand Inquisitor, and shut up in a convent. He was liberated in consequence of the events of 1820, and elected a member of the provisional junta of the government. Subsequently he was appointed Bishop of Tortosa. In 1823 he was again arrested by order of the Inquisition, and sentenced to six years imprisonment. He died before this time had expired. \emdash Hoefer, Biographie Generale, 1, 17.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU5{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABADDON\par \par (\par <START GREEK>\~)Abaddw/n\par <END GREEK>, for Heb. <START HEBREW>/o)Db^a&\par <END HEBREW>, destruction, i. e. the destroyer, as it is immediately explained by \par <START GREEK>\~)Apollu/wn\par <END GREEK>, Apollyon See Apollyon), the name ascribed to the ruling spirit of Tartarus, or the angel of death, described (Rev 9:11) as the king, and chief of the Apocalyptic locusts under the fifth trumpet, and as the angel of the abyss or "bottomless pit" (see Critica Biblica, 2, 445). In the Bible, the word abaddon means destruction (Job 31:12), or the place of destruction, i. e. the subterranean world, Hades, the region of the dead (Job 26:6; 28:22; Prov 15:11). It is, in fact, the second of the seven names which the Rabbins apply to that region; and they deduce it particularly from Ps 138:11, "Shall thy loving-kindness be declared in the grave, or thy faithfulness in (abaddon) destruction?" See Hades. Hence they have made Abaddon the nethermost of the two regions into which they divided the under world. But that in Rev 9:11 Abaddon is the angel, and not the abyss, is perfectly evident in the Greek. There is a general connection with the destroyer (q.v.) alluded to in 1 Chron 21:15; but the explanation, quoted by Bengel, that the name is given in Hebrew and Greek, to show that the locusts would be destructive alike to Jew and Gentile, is far-fetched and unnecessary. The popular interpretation of the Apocalypse, which finds in the symbols of that prophecy the details of national history in later ages, has usually regarded Abaddon as a symbol of Mohammed dealing destruction at the head of the Saracenic hordes (Elliott's Horae Apocalypticae, 1:410). It may well be doubted, however, whether this symbol is any thing more than a new and vivid figure of the same moral convulsions elsewhere typified in var6 LVALF ious ways in the Revelation, namely, those that attended\par the breaking down of Judaism and paganism, and the general establishment of Christianity (see Stuart's Comment. in loc.). See Revelation, Book Of. The etymology of Asmodaeus, the king of the daemons in Jewish mythology, seems to point to a connection with Apollyon in his character as "the destroyer," or the destroying angel. Compare Ecclus 18:22,25. See Asmodaeus.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par \par } LVAL z{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAGTHA\par \par (Heb. Abagtha', <START HEBREW>at*g=b^a&\par <END HEBREW>, prob. Persian [ See Bigtha , See Bigthan , See Bigthan , See Bagoas ], and, according to Bohlen, from the Sanscrit bagadata, 'fortune-given; Sept. \par <START GREEK>\~)Aataza/\par <END GREEK>), one of the seven chief eunuchs in the palace of Xerxes, who were commanded to bring in Vashti (Est 1:10), B.C. 483. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABADIR\par \par in Phoenician mythology, was a name given to cone-formed stones, which were the oldest symbols of the deities.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABADIAS\par \par (\par <START GREEK>\~)Abadi/a$\par <END GREEK>), a son of Jazelus, and one of the descendants (or residents) of Joab, who returned with 212 males from the captivity with Ezra (1 Esd 8:35); evidently the same with the Obadiah See Obadiah (q.v.) of the parallel list (Ezra 8:9).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } BLVALtV{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAN\par \par \par in Persian mythology, was a genius of water.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAMURUS\par \par Abamurus\par \par a term used in mediaeval Latin signifying buttress. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAJI BEN-CAJLIL\par \par surnamed Nachmani, belonged to that class of Jewish teachers who were styled Amoraim, and occupied the presidency at the school of Pumbaditha from 333 to 338. He is said to have been tolerant of the heathen, and defended the book of Ben Sira, i.e. Ecclesiasticus, against his colleague Rab Joseph, who regarded it as heretical. In the exposition of the Scriptures, he adopted the simple against the customary artificial mode. His maxim was, "One and the same verse may be explained in a different sense, but the same sense cannot refer to different verses." See Hamburger, Real-Enyklopadie fur Bibel und Talmud, s.v.; Bacher, Die Agada der babylonischen, Amoraim (Strasburg, 1878), p. 107 sq.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU9{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABANA\par \par [many Ab'ana] (Heb. Abanah', <START HEBREW>hn*b*a&\par <END HEBREW>; Sept. '\par <START GREEK>Abana/\par <END GREEK>; Vulg. Abana; or rather, as in the margin, Amanah See Amanah [q. v.]; Heb. Amanah', <START HEBREW>hn*m*a&\par <END HEBREW> [comp. Isa 23:16], since the latter means perennial; Gesenius, Thesaur. Heb. p. 116), a stream mentioned by Naaman as being one of the rivers of Damascus; another being the Pharpar (2 Kings 5:12). The main stream by which Damascus is now irrigated is called Barada, the Chrysorrhoas, or "golden stream" of the ancient geographers (Strabo, p. 755), which, as soon as it issues from a cleft of the Anti-Lebanon mountains, is immediately divided into three smaller courses. The central or principal stream runs straight toward the city, and there supplies the different public cisterns, baths, and fountains; the other branches diverge to the right and left along the rising ground on either hand, and, having furnished the means of extensive irrigation, fall again into the main channel, after diffusing their fertilizing influences, and are at length lost in a marsh or lake, which is known as the Bahr el-Merj, or Lake of the Meadow. Dr. Richardson (Travels, 2:499) states that the "water of the Barada, like the water of the Jordan, is of a white, sulfurous hue, and an unpleasant taste." Some contend that the Barada is the Abana and are only at a loss for the Pharpar; others find both in the two subsidiary streams, and neglect the Barada; while still others seek the Abana in the small river Fijih, which Dr. Richardson describes as rising near a village of the same name in a pleasant valley fifteen or twenty miles to the north-west of Damascus. It issues from the limestone rock, in a deep, rapid stream, about thirty feet wide. It\par is pure and cold as iced water; and, after coursing down a LVALstony and rugged channel for above a hundred yards, falls into the Barada, which comes from another valley, and at the point of junction is only half as wide as the Fijih. The Abana or Amana has been identified by some (especially Gesenius, Neb. Lex.) with the Barada, from the coincidence of the name Amana mentioned in Song 4:8, as one of the tops of Anti-Libanus, from which the Chrysorrhoas (or Barada) flows; and the ruins of Abila, now found on the banks of that stream, are thought to confirm this view. A better reason for this identification is, that Naaman would be more likely to refer to some prominent stream like the Barada, rather than to a small and comparatively remote fountain like the Fijih. See Pharpar. The turbid character of the water of Barada is no objection to this view, since Naaman refers to Abana as important for its medicinal qualities rather than on account of its limpid coldness. The identification of the Abana with the Barada is confirmed by the probable coincidence of the Pharpar with the Arvaj; these being the only considerable streams in the vicinity of Damascus (Bibliotheca Sacra, 1849, p. 371; Robinson's Researches, new ed. 3, 447). This is the view taken by the latest traveler who has canvassed the question at length (J. L. Porter, in the Jour. of Sacr. Literature. July, 1853, p. 245 sq.). According to Schwarz (Palest. p. 54), the Jews of Damascus traditionally identify the Barada with the Amana (q.v.). The Arabic version of the passage in Kings has Barda. According to Lightfoot (Cent. Chor. 4) the river in question was also called Kirmijon (<START HEBREW>/wYm!r=q!\par <END HEBREW>), a name applied in the Talmud to a river of Palestine (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 2138). See Damascus.\par \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par } LVAL {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARCA, DON JOAQUIN\par \par bishop of Leon, was born in 1780 in Aragon, Spain. He was one of the chief adherents of the faction of Don Carlos in Spain. In 1836 he was arrested near Bordeaux by the French government and banished to Frankfort, whence he went tore join the Pretender in the Basque provinces, with a quantity of silver which the Tory party had advanced to him. He, however, fell into disgrace, and died in 1844 in a convent of Carmelite friars at Lanzo, near Turin. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen., s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARBAREA\par \par in Greek-mythology, was a nymph whose affections Bucolion, son of Laomedon, according to Homer (Iliad, 6:22), won, and by him became mother of \'c6sepus and Pedasus. Both were slain before Troy by the hand of Euryalus.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } X LVALh {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARCA, PEDRO\par \par a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Jaca, in Aragon, in 1619. He entered the Society of Jesuits in 1641, and, after teaching theology at Salamanca for more than twenty-five years, died at Valencia, Oct. 11, 1693. He wrote, A History of the Kings of Aragon (1682-84), in Spanish: \emdash and treatises on The Knowledge and Will of God, Predestination, The Trinity, and The Incarnation and Perfection of Jesus Christ, all in Latin. See Biblioth. Hisp. 2, 130; Journal des Savans, 1774, p. 324.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU={\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARIM\par \par (Heb. Abarim', <START HEBREW><yr!b*u&\par <END HEBREW>, regions beyond, i. e. east of the Jordan; Sept. '\par <START GREEK>Abari/m\par <END GREEK>, but \par <START GREEK>to\\ pe/ran\par <END GREEK> in Num 27:12, Vulg. Abarim; in Jer 22:20, Sept. \par <START GREEK>to\\ pe/ran th=$ qala/ssh$\par <END GREEK>, Vulg. transeuntes, Auth. Vers. "passages"), a mountain (<START HEBREW><yr!b*u@h* dh^\par <END HEBREW>, Num 27:12; Deut 32:49), or rather chain of hills (<START HEBREW>yd@h* <yr!b*u&h*\par <END HEBREW>, Num 33:47,48), which form or belong to the mountainous district east of the Dead Sea and the lower Jordan, being situated in the land of Moab (Num 21:11), on the route to Palestine (Num 27:12). It was the last station but one of the Hebrews on their way from Egypt to Canaan (Num 33:47,48). See Ije-Abarim. The range presents many distinct masses and elevations, commanding extensive views of the country west of the river (Irby and Mangles, p. 459). From one of the highest of these, called Mount Nebo, Moses surveyed the Promised Land before he died (Deut 32:49). From the manner in which the names Abarim, Nebo, and Pisgah are connected (Deut 32:49, and 34:1), it would seem that they were different names of the same general mountain chain. See Nebo. According to Josephus, who styles it Abaris (\par <START GREEK>!Abarw*$\par <END GREEK>, Ant. 4:8, 48), it was "a very high mountain, situated opposite Jericho," and Eusebius (Onomast. \par <START GREEK>Nabau=\par <END GREEK>) locates it six miles west of Heshbon. The name Abarim has been tortured by some disciples of the Faber and Bryant school of etymologists into a connection with the name of a district of Egypt called Abaris or Avaris (Josephus, Apn, 1:14), and so with the system of Egyptian idolatry, from the deity of the same name. Affinities between\par th LVAL* e names of two of the peaks of this range, Nebo and Peor, have also been traced with those of other Egyptian deities, Anubis and Horis. There is no good foundation for such speculations.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par \par } ^LVALn{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARIS (IN GREEK MYTH)\par \par Abaris\par \par (\par <START GREEK>\~&Abari$\par <END GREEK>), in Greek legend, was\par \par (1) a priest of Apollo, whom the latter presented with a golden arrow, by which he was able to fly around the earth. It is related of him (Herod. 4:36) that he came from the Hyperboreans, about the time of Croesus, to Greece in order to deliver that country from a frightful plague. He built a temple to Proserpina at Sparta (Strabo, 8, 301; Pausan. iii, 13, 2). He is said by Iamblicus, in his Life of Pythagoras, to have performed wonders by means of an arrow which he had received from Apollo. Brucker relates that, in the time of a general plague, Abaris was sent by the Scythians on an embassy to the Athenians. This plague happened in the third Olympiad. There seems little reason to doubt that Abaris went from place to place imposing upon the vulgar by false pretensions to supernatural powers. He passed through Greece, Italy, and many other countries, giving forth oracular predictions, pretending to heal diseases by incantation, and practicing other acts of imposture. Some of the later Platonists, in their zeal against Christianity, collected the many fabulous tales reported of Abaris, and exhibited them in opposition to the miracles of Christ.\par \par (2.) A table companion or a friend of king Turnus.\par \par (3.) An inhabitant of Caucasus who was slain by the hand of Perseus on the occasion of his marriage with Andromeda. See Smith, Dict. of Class. Biog. and Mythol. s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVALV {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAS\par \par in Greek legend, was\par \par (1) a king of Argos, renowned mainly through his great-grandson Perseus. His father was Lynceus, his mother Hypermnestra, and the fierce and cruel Danaus was his grandfather. Abas brought Lynceus the news of Danaus's death, for which he was presented with a costly shield which Danaus had consecrated to Juno.\par \par (2.) A son of Neptune and Arethusa, a river nymph. This nymph had appealed to Diana for protection from the persecution of Alpheus. She was therefore changed into a cloud and then into water.\par \par (3). A son of Melampus and Iphianassa, a daughter of Protus.\par \par (4.) An associate of Diomedes, who was transformed into a stormy petrel by Venus.\par \par (5.) One of the Centaurs who opposed the Lapithae.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABARUS\par \par in Greek mythology was a surname of Apollo, after Abas, a city in Phocis, where he had a temple. This temple was prized so highly, because of its ancient statues, that, after being destroyed twice, in the Persian and the Holy War, it was rebuilt.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par }  LVAL {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABASKANTON\par \par was an amulet worn by the Greeks as a preventive against becoming bewitched.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABASSINES\par \par a sect of the Greek Church, inhabiting an extended and wooded region along the coast of the Black Sea. They are a rough variety of the Circassians, and support themselves chiefly by plunder and piracy. From their isolated position they have fallen away from many of the doctrines and practices of the Eastern Church, to which they nominally belong. They observe several feasts, and believe in the seven sacraments, holding confession to be one of them; but they neither confess the number nor the particular species of their sins, exclaiming only in general, "I have sinned, I have sinned." On the repetition of this declaration, the offenders are absolved in a few words accompanied with some gentle stripes upon the side with an olive twig. But in the case of heinous crimes such as homicide, adultery, and theft they are often severely scourged. Their funeral rites are ushered in by cries, sighs, and groans. The relations of the deceased lash themselves, and the women disfigure their faces while the priest says a requiem over the deceased and perfumes the corpse. They put their dead into coffins constructed out of the hollowed trunks of trees, and bound round with the sprigs on branches of vines. After the performance of the funeral obsequies they bring out provisions and lay them upon the sepulchres of their deceased friends.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } PLVAL b{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABATI, ERCOLE\par \par grandson of the following, was born at Modena in 1563. He was a talented genius, but disgraced himself by intemperance. He dashed off his work with negligence and haste, but with such ingenuity of composition as to make us lament his idleness and. dissipation. In the Gallery of Florence there is a fine picture of his the Marriage at Cana. In connection with Schildon, He painted some pictures in the Council Hall at Florence. He died in 1613.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABATA\par \par Abata\par \par (\par <START GREEK>a&bata\par <END GREEK>, inaccessible), a name given in early times to the altar, on account of the exclusion of the laity therefrom. The Council of Trullo (q.v.), canon 69, decreed "that no layman whatsoever should come into the altar part, except only the emperor, when he had made his oblation to the Creator, according to ancient custom." It was called adyta by the Latins. See Bingham, Christ. Antiq. bk. 8 ch. 6, \'a7 7.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABATI, NICCOLO\par \par an eminent historical painter, was born at Modena in 1512. He was a scholar of Antionio Begarelli, an old designer and sculptor, and probably received instruction from Correggio. At the age of thirty-five he painted his celebrated work, the Martyrdom of St. Peter, for the Church of the Benedictines, now in the Dresden Gallery, which brought him into immediate notice. He afterwards painted, in the Candiano Palace, twelve pictures illustrating scenes from the twelve books of the Eneid, which were highly praised by Lanzi. These pictures are now in the Florentine Gallery. In the prime of life he went to Bologna, where he executed, in the Palazzo Leoni, in fresco, a Nativity, and at the Institute four subjects in a frieze representing musical assemblies and conversations; they were composed with such fine taste and elegance that they became the models of the Caraccii, in proof of which Agostino Caracci wrote a sonnet in his praise, in which he attributed to him the symmetry of Raphael, the sublimity of Michael Angelo, the truth of Titian, the greatness of Correggio, and the grace of Parmigiano. His practice was so excellent that it is said he never had occasion to retouch his work when dry. When Primaticcio was invited to the court of France by Francis II to decorate the royal galleries, he selected Abati to assist him in the great work, esteeming him the most efficient. Abati died in Paris in 1571. Of his numerous fresco paintings but four remain, and his oil paintings are very rare. His great works at Modena and Bologna have been engraved by Domenico Cunego.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } &LVAL 8{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAUR\par \par (Great Third) is a mystical spirit mentioned in chapter 42 of the Egyptian Ritual of the Dead.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABATINI, GUIDO UBALDO\par \par a distinguished painter of history in fresco, was born probably in 1600, and was early admitted into the Academy at Rome. He was a disciple of Cavaliere Guiseppe Cesari. One of his principal works is on the ceiling of the Chapel of St. Theresa, in the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria at Rome. He died in 1656.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } 6LVALF{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABAUZIT, FIRMIN\par \par a French Unitarian, was born at Uzes, in Languedoc, Nov. 11, 1679. Though his mother was a Protestant, he was forcibly placed in a Roman Catholic seminary, to be educated as a Papist. His mother succeeded in recovering him, and placed him at school in Geneva. At nineteen he traveled into Holland and England, and became the friend of Bayle and Newton. Returning to Geneva, he rendered important assistance to a society engaged in preparing a translation of the New Testament into French (published in 1726). In 1727 he was appointed public librarian in Geneva, and was presented with the freedom of the city. He died at Geneva, March 20, 1767. Though not a copious writer, he was a man of great reputation in his day, both in philosophy and theology. Newton declared him "a fit man to judge between Leibnitz and himself." Rousseau describes him as the ''wise and modest Abauzit," and Voltaire pronounced him "a great man." His knowledge was extensive in the whole circle of antiquities, in ancient history, geography, and chronology. His manuscripts were burned after his death by his relatives at Uzes, who had become Romanists; his printed works are collected, in part, in OEuvres Diverses de Firmin Abauzit (Amsterdam, 1773, 2 vols.). Many of his theological writings are contained in a volume entitled Miscellanies on Historical, Theological, and Critical Subjects, transl. by E. Harwood, D.D. (Lond. 1774, 8 vo). A list of his works is given by Haag, La France Protestante, 1:3. See, also, Hoefer, Biog. Generale, 1:38.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUG{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBA\par \par Ab'ba\par \par ('\par <START GREEK>Abba=\par <END GREEK>, <START HEBREW>aB*a^\par <END HEBREW>) is the Hebrew word <START HEBREW>ba*\par <END HEBREW>, father, under a form (the "emphatic" or definite state \emdash the father) peculiar to the Chaldee idiom (Mark 14:36; Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6).\par \par 1. As such, it was doubtless in common use to express the paternal relation, in the mixed Aramaean dialect of Palestine, during the New Testament age. Especially would it be naturally employed from infancy in addressing the male parent, like the modern papa; hence its occurrence in the New Testament only as a vocative (Winer, Gram. of the New-Test. Diction, \'a7 29)'. Its reference to God (comp. Jer 3:4; John 8:41) was common among the later Jews (Hamburger, Real-Encyklop. s. v.). To guard against the appearance of too great familiarity, however, the writers of the New Testament, instead of translating the title into its Greek equivalent, \par <START GREEK>pa/pa\par <END GREEK>, have retained it in its foreign form \emdash one of emphasis and dignity; but they have in all cases added its meaning, for the convenience of their merely Greek readers. Hence the phrase "Abba, father" in its two-fold form (Critica Biblica, 2:445).\par \par 2. Through faith in Christ all true Christians pass into the relation of sons; are permitted to address God with filial confidence in prayer; and to regard themselves as heirs of the heavenly inheritance. This adoption into the family of God inseparably follows our justification; and the power to call God our Father, in this special and appropriative sense, results from the inward testimony of our forgiveness given by the Holy Spirit. See Adoption.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reLVALserved.)\par \par } LVAL ,{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBADOPRESBUTEROS\par \par Abbadopresbuteros\par \par (\par <START GREEK>a)bbadopresbu/tero$\par <END GREEK>), a Greek term for a monk who is in priest's orders.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBACY\par \par Abbacy\par \par the office of abbot (q.v.). Abbadion. (\par <START GREEK>a)bba/dion\par <END GREEK>), a Greek term for an obscure monk.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUJ{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBADIE, JACQUES\par \par Abbadie, Jacques,\par \par born about 1658, at Nay, in Bearn, studied at Saumur and Sedan. His proficiency was so early and so great, that at seventeen he received the title of D.D. from the Academy at Sedan. In 1676 he incepted an invitation from the Elector of Brandenburg, and was for some time pastor of the French Protestant church at Berlin. The French congregation at Berlin was at first but thin; but upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes great numbers of the exiled Protestants retired to Brandenburg, where they were received with the greatest humanity; so that Dr. Abbadie had in a little time a great charge, of which he took all possible care; and, by his interest at court, did many services to his distressed countrymen. The Elector dying in 1688, Abbadie accepted a proposal from Marshal Schomberg to go with him to Holland, and afterward to England with the Prince of Orange. In the autumn of 1689 he accompanied the Marshal to Ireland, where he continued till after the Battle of the Boyne, in 1690, in which his great patron was killed. He returned to London, was appointed minister of the French Church in Savoy; next was made dean of Killaloe, in Ireland, and died near London, Sept. 15 (other authorities say Oct. 2 or 6), 1727. His chief work is his Traiti de la Verite de la Religion Chretienne (Rotterd. 1692, 2 vols. 12 mo), which has passed through several editions, and has been translated into several languages (in English, Lond. 1694-8, 2 vols. 8 vo). Madame de Sevigne called it "the most charming of books;" and, though written by a Protestant, it found just favor among French Romanists, and even at the court of Louis XIV. His other principal writings are: Reflexions sur la Presence du Corps de Jesus Christ dans l'Euchariste; Les Caracteres du Chretien et da\par (from McClintock and Strong EnLVALcyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBAHU\par \par Abbahu\par \par a Jewish teacher of the 4 th century (279-320), is well known for his proficiency in Greek, and even instructed his daughter in that language. He is also known for his polemics and attacks against the Trinity and the ascension of Christ (Jerus. Taanith. ii, 656; Genesis Rabba, c. 29; Exodus Rabba, c. 29). Of this Abbahu we read (Abodah Sarah, fol. 4 a) that he recommended a certain rabbi Saphra to a noble Christian. At this recommendation the Christian exempted rabbi Saphra from taxation for thirteen years. When the Christian asked rabbi Saphra about the meaning of the passage in Amos 3:2, and perceived his ignorance, he asked rabbi Abbahu about its meaning. Having received a satisfactory answer, the Christian asked, "Why is rabbi Saphra, whom you recommended to me as a great man, so ignorant in the Scriptures, which thou didst explain immediately?" To this rabbi Abbahu answered "We who come in contact with you Christians are obliged for our self-preservation to study the Scriptures, because you dispute so often with us from the Scriptures; but the other Jews who live among Gentiles have no use of that, since they do not dispute with them concerning the Scriptures." The Samaritans he regarded as heathen, and forbade the use of their wine (Cholin, fol. 6 b). Of his maxims we mention, "Be always of the persecuted, but not of the persecutors" (Babd Kamma, fol. 93); "Better to commit a sin secretly than to profane the name of God openly" (Pesachim; fol. 56); "In the place where the penitent stands, not even the righteous can stand" (Sanhedrin, fol. 99). When he died, it was hyperbolically said that "the columns of Caesarea shed tears" (Moed Katan, fol 25 a) See Hamburger, Real-Encyklopadie, 2, 4 sq.\par \par \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003bLVALr, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBANDUS\par \par Abbandus (Or Abandus)\par \par a priest and theologian of the 12 th century, was a contemporary of Berenger and Abelard. We have nothing accurate concerning his life. He was the author of Tractaius de Factione Corporis Christi in Eucharistia, inserted in the third volume of the Analectia of Mabillon. This is a treatise against those who claim that the breaking of the body of Jesus Christ in the eucharist is only such in appearance, and not in reality. After the condemnation of Berenger, many questions arose as to the sense of certain articles in the Confession which had been proposed to him for signature in the Synod of Rome. Among other things, it was said by some that the breaking of the body of Christ was only made in the species of bread; others maintained that it was the actual body which was broken. The former held that after the change of the bread and wine into the substance of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, the species of bread and wine remained, and. that the breaking was made only in them. The second party held a change in the species as well as in the substance. Abbandus supported the latter view. He is said to have died about 1142. See Ceillier, Hist. des Auteurs Sacer. et Eccl. 12, 197.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } rLVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBANUS\par \par Abbanus\par \par ST., the name of two Irish abbots.\par \par (1.) Of Cill-Abbain, in Ui-Muireadhaigh, County Meath, is probably identical with St. Abban of Cill-Abbain. He was originally named Blaih, and was a son of the sister of St. Ibar, the contemporary of St. Patrick, in the 5 th century. Of him nothing certain is known. He is commemorated in the calendars March 16.\par \par (2.) Of Magh-Arnuidhe, in Ui-Ceinseallaigh, County Wexford, the son of the sister of St. Coemgen, in the 6 th century, is commemorated Oct. 27. Twenty monasteries are mentioned as having been founded by this saint, almost all in the southern half of Ireland. See O'Clery, Martyrol. Dungall.; Colgan, Acta SS. Hibernie; Acta SS. Octobris, 12, 270.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par }  LVAL 2{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBAS (TITLE)\par \par Abbas.\par \par Two different authors are frequently quoted by this title.\par \par 1. A celebrated canonist who flourished in 1250, and wrote a Commentary on the Five Books of Decretals, printed at Venice in 1588, folio. He is known as Abbas antiquus. \par \par 2. The celebrated Nicholas Tudeschi, the Panormitan, known as Abbas Siculus or Abbas junior. See Panormitanus.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBAS\par \par Abbas\par \par (properly Abd-el-Mottalib), the paternal uncle of Mohammed and progenitor of the Mohammedan dynasty of the Abbassids (q.v.), was born at Mecca about A.D. 566. He was but four years the senior of Mohammed, and was still a pagan when the prophet began his public career, and long remained his open enemy. He fought against Mohammed in the battle of Bedr, and was taken prisoner; but as soon as the cause of the prophet seemed to succeed he gave in his adhesion to the new faith, and defended it zealously. When Mecca surrendered to Mohammed, the holy well Zemzem was retained, although a monument of paganism, in deference to Abbas, its keeper. He was the chief mourner at Mohammed's funeral, and his presence and memory were treated with great respect by the caliphs.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL& {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBATIA\par \par Abbatia\par \par (\par <START GREEK>a)bbatei/a\par <END GREEK>), a Greek term for an abbey or monastery.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBATI\par \par Abbati\par \par the name of a sect of the Vaudois, which was spread over Italy towards the end of the 14 th century, and are charged with having indulged in every kind of brutality. They lasted, however, but a short time.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBAS, ABBOT\par \par Abbas\par \par (\par <START GREEK>\~)Abba=$\par <END GREEK>), a Greek term for (1) father, (2) a monk, and (3) an abbot.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUR{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBASSIDES\par \par Abbassides\par \par a name given to the third Mohammedan dynasty, the caliphs of Bagdad, which was founded by Abul Abbas, who claimed the caliphate as lineal descendant of Mohammed's uncle, Abbas (q.v.) from whom the name is derived. The Abbassides were the successors of the Ommiads, the caliphs of Damascus. Early in the 8 th century the family of Abbas had acquired great influence; and Ibrahim, the fourth in descent from Abbas, obtained several successes over the Ommiads, but was captured and put to death in 747. Ibrahim's brother, Abul-Abbas, whom he had named his heir, assumed the title of caliph, and, by a decisive victory near the river Zab in 750, effected the overthrow of the Ommiad dynasty. The vanquished family was treated with such severity that Abul Abbas gained the surname of Al-Saffah, the Bloody. On the death of Abul Abbas, Al-Mansur succeeded to the throne, and founded Bagdad as the seat of the empire. The descendants of Abul Abbas to the number of thirty-six, the last of whom was Mostasem, reigned until 1258, when the dynasty was expelled by Hulaku Khan. The line includes the illustrious names of Al-Mansur, Haroun al-Rashid, and Al-Mamun, but from the 10 th century they sank to mere spiritual chiefs. of Islam. After their deposition at Bagdad, in 1258, a member of the family, named Ahmed, fled to Egypt, where he was recognised as caliph, and his descendants reigned there, under the protection of the Mamelukes, until Egypt was conquered by the Turks, in 1517. Motawakkel III, the last caliph, was taken by Sultan Selim I, the conqueror of Egypt, to Constantinople, and detained there some time as a prisoner. He afterwards returned to Egypt, and died at Cairo, a pensionary of the Ottoman government, in 1538.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003bLVALr, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBE\par \par Abbe\par \par the French name for abbot (q.v.). It is used in France not only to designate the superior of an abbey, but is also the general title of the secular clergy. Before the French Revolution it was even sometimes assumed by theological students (unordained) in the hope that the king would confer upon them a portion of the revenues of some abbey. There were at one time in France so many unordained abbes, poor and rich, men of quality and men of low birth, that they formed a particular class in society, and exerted an important influence over its character. They were seen everywhere; at court, in the halls of justice, in the theaters, the coffee-houses, etc. In almost every wealthy family was an abbe, occupying the post of familiar friend and spiritual adviser, and not seldom, that of the gallant of the lady. They corresponded, in a certain degree, to the philosophers who lived in the houses of the wealthy Romans in the time of the emperors.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } FLVAL6 X{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBES, JAMES\par \par Abbes, James\par \par an English martyr of the 16 th century, was a Christian who, because of his devotion to God and his fellow-men, was compelled to travel from place to place to avoid the peril of being apprehended. He was finally caught by some wicked men, and taken before the bishop of Norwich and examined. They threatened him in order to make him desist from his pious labors, until he yielded to their wishes against his conscience. The bishop gave him a piece of money; but poor James had scarcely left the house when his conscience troubled him so, that he went immediately to the bishop again, and threw the money which he had given him into his lap, saying, "I am sorry that I consented to your wicked persuasions." The bishop began anew some scheme by which to win him over, but all was in vain. He was therefore taken to Bury, Aug. 2, 1555, and burned. See Fox, Acts and Monuments, 7, 328.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBES, GUILLAUME\par \par Abbes, Guillaume\par \par a French theologian and native of Bedarieux, lived in the first half of the 17 th century. He was at first canon of St. Sebastian's at Narbonne, then of the Church of St. Paul, and pronounced the funeral oration of Claude of Rebe, archbishop of Narbonne. He wrote Le Parfait Orateur (Narbonne, 1648), a rare book. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUV{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBESS\par \par (Lat. abbatissa), the superior or head of an abbey of nuns, bearing the same relation to them as the abbot to the monks. An abbess possesses in general the same dignity and authority as an abbot, except that she cannot exercise the spiritual functions appertaining to the priesthood (Conc. Trident. Sess. 25, c. 7). Generally the abbess must be chosen from the nuns of the same convent; she must be sprung from legitimate marriage, must be over forty years old, and must have observed the vows for eight years. In case of emergency, however, any nun of the order who is thirty years old, and has professed five years, may be elected. In Germany fifteen abbesses (of Essen, Elten, Quedlinburg, Herford, Gandersheim, etc.) had formerly the right of sending a representative to the German Diet, and possessed a kind of episcopal jurisdiction, which they exercised through an official. After the Reformation the superiors of several German abbeys, which were changed into Protestant institutions of ladies living in common, retained the title "abbess." See Abbey; See Abbot . \par \par \par \par (Below is a second article on the same topic.)\par ABBESS\par \par Abbess\par \par the female superior of a body of nuns. The office of abbess was elective and for life (triennial abbesses, however are mentioned belonging to years so late as 1565, 1583). An abbess was restricted to one monastery; was bound to render obedience to the bishop in all things; and was subject to be deprived for misconduct, but only upon report of the bishop to the king. She was bound, also, to give account of monastic property to both king and bishop was entitled to absolute obedience, possessing ample powers of discipline, even to expulsion, but could not excommunicate; neither could she give the veil or ordain. In France an abbess was not to leave her monas|LVALtery, save once a year if summoned by the king, with the bishop's consent, to his presence upon monastic business. Neither was she to speak to any man except upon necessary business, and then before witnesses, and between the first hour of the day and evening. Abbesses had no power to choose confessors for themselves or for their nuns without the sanction of the ordinary. There have been instances of abbesses attending provincial synods, when they were distinguished by the pastoral staff and veil of prelacy (conferred at sixty years of age). The dress of an abbess in the 12 th century consisted only of a long white tunic with close sleeves, probably of linen, and a black surtout of equal length with sleeves large and loose, and a hood drawn up so as to cover the head completely.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUX{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBEY\par \par Abbey\par \par (Lat. abbatia), a monastery of monks or nuns, ruled by an abbot or abbess [for the derivation of the name, See Abbot ]. The abbeys in England were enormously rich. All of them, 190 in number, were abolished in the time of Henry VIII. The abbey lands were afterward granted to the nobility, under which grants they are held to the present day. Cranmer begged earnestly of Henry VIII to save some of the abbeys for religious uses, but in vain.\par \par In most abbeys, besides the Abbot, there were the following officers or obedientarii, removable at the abbot's will:\par \par 1. Prior, who acted in the abbot's absence as his locum tenens. In some great abbeys there were as many as five priors.\par \par 2. Eleemosynarius, or Almoner, who had the oversight of the daily distributions of alms to the poor at the gate.\par \par 3. Pitantarius, who had the care of the pittances, which were the allowances given on special occasions over and above the usual provisions.\par \par 4. Sacrista, or Sacristan (Sexton), who had the care of the vessels, vestments, books, etc.; he also provided for the sacrament, and took care of burials.\par \par 5. Camerarius, or Chamberlain, who looked after the dormitory.\par \par \par 6. Cellararius, or Cellarer, whose duty it was to procure provisions for strangers.\par \par 7. Thesaurarius, or Bursar, who received rents, etc.\par \par 8. Precentor, who presided over the choir.\par \par 9. Hospitularius, whose duty it was to attend to the wants of strangers.\par \par 10. Infirmarius, who attended to the hospital and sick monks.\par \par 11. Refectionarius, who looked after the hall, and provided every thing required there.\par \par For the mode of electing abbots, right of visitation, etc., see Conc. Trident. Sess. 24. On the most important English abbeys, se LVAL e Willis, History of Mitred Abbeys, vol. 1; A. Butler, Lives of Saints, 2:633. See Convent; See Monastery; See Priory.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBO\par \par Abbo\par \par Abbot of Fleury, in France, born 958, slain in a tumult at Reole, in Gascony, Nov. 13, 1004. He presided two years (985-987) over a monastic school in England, and returned to Fleury, where he was made abbot. He was so celebrated for his wisdom and virtues that people, even in far-distant parts, had recourse to him for advice and assistance, especially in all questions relating to monastic discipline, his zeal for which caused the tumult in which he was slain. \emdash Neander, Ch. Hist. 3, 404, 470; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. c. 10, pt. 2, ch. 1, \'a7 5; Aeta Sanctorum, t. 8.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBEY, DAVID A.\par \par Abbey, David A.,\par \par a Presbyterian minister, was born in Ulster County, N. Y., April 6, 1813. He was converted in 1830 and united with the Reformed (Dutch) Church. In 1838 he graduated at Yale College; in 1839 he entered the Theological Seminary at Auburn, N. Y., finished his course in 1841, and was licensed by the Cayuga Presbytery. He was a man of great accuracy, both in literary composition and in business. He died of typhoid fever at Apalachin, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1865. See Wilson, Presb. Hist. Almanac, 1867, p. 271.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } J_R j ) ~ C  _  Y " q @ U}T1{P'W,sPd1m@ pIABELL, JAMES @*ABELL, ASA @&ABELITES@"ABELIO@ABELARD, PETERP2hU."ABEL-SHITTIM2hU*ABEL-MIZRAIM @*ABEL-MEHOLAH2hU*ABEL-MAIMN@$ABEL-CHERAMIM @, ABEL-BETH-MAACHAH#2hU4(ABEL-Z @ABEL, ST@$ABEL, KASPARt @*ABEL, JACOB FRIEDRICH VONv@D8ABEL, EPHRAIM@, ABEL, DAVID@(ABEL, ALFRED W.$@0$ABELa2hUABEGG, JOHANN FRIEDRICHd@@4ABEEL, JOHN DAVID@4(ABEEL, DAVID\ @*ABEDNEGO @"ABECEDARIANS@*ABECEDARIAN HYMNS2hU4(ABDON AND SENNONh@2&ABDOND2hUABDISSI @ ABDIESUS@"ABDIEL@ABDIAS BEN SHALOM@4(~ABDIAS* @}ABDIANUS@"|ABDI& @{ABDERUS^@ zABDELMESIAS@(yABDEEL@wABDECALIS@$vABDALLAH IBN-TAIB ABUL-FARAJn@~J>uABDALLAH BEN-AL-PHADELI> @~@4tABDAL@}sABDA@|rABBUTO@{qABBT. THOMAS @z*pABBREVIATOR@z(oABBREVIATIONb@y*nABBOTT, WILLIAM PENNx"hU:.mABBOTT, THOMAS J@@w2&lABBOTT, SAMUELL@v."kABBOTT, PITSON JOSEPHH @v<0jABBOTT, JOSEPHB @u."iABBOTT, JOHN STEPHENS@t<0hABBOTT, JACOB JACKSON @s<0gABBOTT, JACOB^ @r, fABBOTT, GEORGE@q."eABBOTT, ELISHA Ll @p2&dABBOTT, CHARLES F@o4(cABBOTT, BENJAMINP@n2&bABBOTT, ALFRED FREEMAN`@m>2aABBOT-HULL@m&`ABBOT, ROBERT&k"hU, _ABBOT, JOHN LOVEJOY @j8,^ABBOT, JOHN EMERY @i4(]ABBOT, JACOBh"hU*\ABBOT, GORHAM DUMMER @g:.[ABBOT, GEORGEe"hU, ZABBOT, BENJAMIN@d0$YABBOT, ABIELZ@c*XABBOTR]"hUWABBO, CERNUS @\*VABBO BISHOP OF SOSSIONS@[@4UABBO BISHOP OF NEVERS@[<0TABBOX@YSABBEY, DAVID A. @Y0$tLVAL` {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBO, BISHOP OF SOISSONS\par \par Abbo A Bishop Of Soissons\par \par and a successor of Rhodoini, who subscribed the Council of Trosli in 921, and the one of Rheims in 923. He held the position of chancellor of St. Medard-Rudolph, the successor of Charles the Simple, and died in 937.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBO, BISHOP OF NEVERS\par \par Abbo Bishop Of Nevers,\par \par lived contemporaneously with the emperor Charles the Bald. He subscribed the third Council of Soissons in 868, as also those held at Troves in 867 and 878, and the one held at Poictou in 876.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } (LVAL8{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBO, CERNUS\par \par Abbo\par \par surnamed CERNUS (the crooked), a French monk, who was also called Abbo Parisiensis because he was of the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Pres, is said to have died in 923. He was present at the siege of Paris by the Normans in 887. Of this siege he wrote the history in a poem in three books, which has been admitted into Pithou's and Duchesne's collections. A more correct edition, with notes and a French translation, may be seen in the Nouvelles Annales de Paris (1753, 4 to). There are also Five Select Sermons under his name in D'Achery's Spicilegium \emdash (vol. ix); and in Bibl. PP. (Colon. 1618), vol. 5, is Abbonis Epistola ad Desiderium Episc. The third book of the Siege, addressed to the clergy, has been omitted by his editors, as having no connection with the history. See Chalmers, Biog. Dict. s.v.; Landon, Eccles. Dict. s.v.; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU^{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT\par \par (Lat. abbas; from Chaldee <START HEBREW>aB*a^\par <END HEBREW>, the father), the head or superior of an abbey of monks.\par \par 1. The title was originally given to every monk, but after the sixth century was restricted to the heads of religious houses. At a later period the title was not confined to the superiors of monasteries, but was also given to the superiors of other institutions (as abbas curie, palatii, scholarum, etc.), while, on the other hand, several other terms, as provost, prior, guardian, major, rector, etc., were adopted to designate the superiors of the convents of the several orders. The Greek Church uses generally the term archimandrite (q.v.). The name abbot was especially retained by the order of the Benedictines, and its branches, the Cistercians, Bernhardines, Trappists, Grandmontanes, Praemonstratenses. But the congregation of Clugny (q.v.) reserved the title abbot to the superior of the principal monastery, calling those of the other monasteries coabbates and proabbates. The Abbot of Monte-Cassino assumed the title abbas abbatum. A number of religious orders are governed by an abbot-general, e. g. (according to the Notizie per 'Anno 1859, the Official Roman Almanac), the regular canons of Lateran, the Camaldulenses, the Trappists, the Olivetans, the (Oriental) order of St. Antonius, and the Basilians. Regular abbots are those who wear the religious habit, and actually preside over an abbey, both in spiritual and temporal matters. Secular abbots are priests who enjoy the benefices, but employ a vicar (q.v.) to discharge its duties. Lay abbots are laymen to whom the revenues of abbeys are given by princes or patrons. Field abbots (abbates castrensus) are regular abbots appointed for army service. Arch abbot is the title of the abbot of St. Martini, in Hungary. The abbots are, in general, suLVAL_bject to the jurisdiction of the diocesan bishop, but formerly some were exempt, and had even a kind of episcopal jurisdiction (jurisdictio quasi episcopalis), together with the right of wearing episcopal insignia (mitred abbots, abbates mitrati). Some, as the abbot of St. Maurice, in Switzerland, have even a small territory. Abbots with episcopal jurisdiction have the right of taking part in general councils, and the right of voting in provincial synods. The privileges and duties of abbots are determined by the rules of the order to \par which they belong, as well as by canonical regulations.\par \par The commendatory abbots (abbates commendatarii; Fr. abbes commendataires), in France and England, were secular ecclesiastics, to whom abbeys were given in commendam, who enjoyed a portion of the revenues, together with certain honors, but without jurisdiction over the inmates of the abbeys. This became latterly so common that most abbeys were thus held perpetually in commendam. In England many abbots, among other privileges, had the right of sitting in the House of Lords. According to Fuller (Ch. Hist. b. 6, p. 292, ed. 1655), there were sixty-four abbots and thirty-six priors, besides the Master of the Temple summoned to Parliament, which he terms "a jolly number." Edward III reduced them to twenty-six. In Germany, ten prince-abbots (of Fulda, Corvey, etc.) were members of the German Diet till 1803. See Bingham, Orig. Eccles. b. 7, ch. 3; Conc. Trident. Sess. 25, and, for full details, Martene, De Ant. Monach. Rit. lib. 5. The forms for the benediction of abbots (i. q. inauguration) are given in Boissonnet, Dict. des Ceremonies, 1:22 sq.\par \par 2. The title of Abbot is still used in some Protestant countries. In Germany it is sometimes conferred upon divines, especially if they enjoy the revenues of former abbeys. Thus the late Professor Lucke of G\'f6ttingen was an abbot.\par \par (Below is a second article on the same topic.)\par \par (sometimes written abbat), the head or superior of an aLVAL`bbey or monastery, corresponding to abbess for a house of nuns.\par \par 1. Different Kinds. \emdash Abbots were distinguished by the epithets commendatory, crosiered, field, lay, mitred, oecumenical (i.e. general), according to circumstances. See ABBOT (in vol. 1).\par \par 2. The Election of Abbots. \emdash Thomassin (Discipline de l'Eglise) states that after A.D. 500 the bishops were the ordinary and universal collators to all benefices, and that the privilege of electing abbots was granted subsequently to monasteries, and by its general use became at last a common right. But he does not well prove his statement; and, on the other hand, it is certain that bishops in the time of St. Benedict had little to do with the election of abbots. The rule of that saint, A.D. 526, expressly enacts that the abbot shall be chosen by the whole community. Upon the occasion of an election, leave was sought, first of all from the prince, and in certain cases the consent of the bishop of the diocese was required; after this, a day was fixed for the\par election, and all absent electors notified by letter; the latter, however, having the privilege of voting by proxy if necessarily absent. The three days previous having been passed in fasting, on the day of election, the mass of the Holy Spirit being ended, all the brethren assembled in the chapter-house, and the chapter De Ordinando Abbate and, the constitution of the Lateran De Electione Facienda per Scrutinium, etc., were read. The election was then made in one of three ways: 1. Per inspirationem, i.e. the whole fraternity with one voice required the same man for abbot. 2. Per scrutiniunm, i.e. by electing three members of the fraternity to receive secretly the votes of the others. 3. Per compromissum, i.e. when certain members of the fraternity were appointed to elect an abbot. The election having been pronounced, the abbot elect was led into the abbey church, and, receiving from the altar the pastoral staff, was conducted to the abbot's seat in the choir.LVALa In the chapter-house he took the oath upon the gospels to preserve the liberties and privileges of the house; after which the members of the fraternity were introduced to him, kissed him, and promised obedience.\par \par 3. Confirmation and Benediction. \emdash After election, the assent of the prince having been obtained, the confirmation of the election was required. This originally belonged to the bishop of the diocese, but afterwards passed into the hands of the pope, who appointed a person to see whether the election had been proper, and, if so, to confirm it. Subsequently, the different\par orders obtained of the pope the privilege of electing one of their number a local prelate, i.e. a person who, having received the confirmation of his own election from the pope, had the power to confirm the elections of the abbots of the order to which he belonged. The benediction was received from the bishop three days after the confirmation in the presence of two other abbots. The benediction of an abbot was not absolutely essential, and yet without it an abbot could not confer orders nor exercise many other privileges.\par \par 4. Duties, Power, etc. \emdash The duties of abbots (according to the rule of St. Benedict) were to instruct by their conversation and to edify by their example; to care for the spiritual and temporal affairs of their abbeys; to act as fathers to all, without respect of persons; etc. Novices received the tonsure from the abbot upon entering the monastic state. It was the duty of the abbot to proceed to Rome every three years, unless excused by the pope; to administer the eucharist on Holy Thursday; to feed twelve poor persons during Lent; to clean the sanctum sanctorum on Easter-eve; to perform the office of cook on Christmas-day and at Easter to give the blessing at table; to keep the keys of the abbey at night, etc. (Marthne, De Ant. Monach. Rit.). The power of the abbot was almost absolute. In spiritual matters he could excommunicate and grant dispensations to his monks; LVALbhe could, either in person or by deputy, absolve them; he could reserve certain cases (specified in the bull of Clement VIII, 1593) to himself. He could not,\par however, without the consent of the community, profess novices, nor nominate to the abbey benefices, nor depose the conventual priors elected canonically by the chapters. He could bless the ornaments of the church and the altar of his monastery, but not the chalices, nor anything that required unction, without the pope's leave. He could give the tonsure and the four lowest orders in cases where he possessed episcopal jurisdiction or had papal authority to do so. In temporal matters the abbot could buy, sell, bargain, exchange, etc., but could not alienate the goods or property of the monastery, nor give up any of its privileges, nor dispose of the savings which he might have made.\par \par 5. Rights, Prerogatives, etc. \emdash \par \par (1.) Abbots took rank immediately after the bishop, and with them had the title of prelate. \par \par (2.) Many abbots had the privilege granted them by the pope of wearing within their own churches the gloves, mitre, and pastoral staff in common with the bishops.\par \par (3.) Abbots had the right of giving the benediction within their own churches after vespers, mass, and matins, but could not do so without special permission when a bishop was present.\par \par (4.) Certain abbots had the privilege of wearing the episcopal vestments, such as the rochet,\par but only of the color of their order.\par \par (5.) According to the reply of Gregory XIII to questions put to him by the Council of Rouen in 1581, the following is the order of precedence observed in synods:\par \par [1]\tab Abbots who have received the benediction and who are privileged to use the mitre;\par [2]\tab abbots commendatory;\par [3]\tab dignitaries of cathedrals;\par [4]\tab proctors.\par \par 6. Deposition. \emdash Abbots immediately subject to the holy see could be deposed by the pope alone; those not exempt, by thei LVAL r bishops, or by their superiors, or the general chapter. The crimes specially punished with deposition were incontinence or extravagance. See Gilbert, Inst. Eccles. p. 368; Bingham, Christ. Antiq. bk. 7 ch. iii, \'a7 12 sq.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, ABIEL\par \par Abbot, Abiel\par \par D.D., a Unitarian minister, born in Wilton, N. H., Dec. 14, 1765. He graduated at Harvard, 1787, was assistant in the Phillips Andover Academy from 1787 to 1789, and became pastor of Coventry, Conn., 1795. Having been brought up a Trinitarian Calvinist, Mr. Abbot became, 1792, a decided anti-Trinitarian, and, in 1811, was deposed by the Consociation of Tolland County from the ministry on account of heretical doctrines. From Sept. 1811 to 1819, he had charge of Dummer Academy, and from 1827 to 1839 he was pastor of Peterborough, N. H. He received the degree of D.D. from Harvard in 1838, and died Dec. 31, 1859. He published in 1811 a "Statement of the Proceedings in his Church at Coventry which terminated in his Removal," and some occasional pamphlets. \emdash Sprague, Unitarian Pulpit, p. 229 sq.\par \par \par \par Abbot, Abiel\par \par D.D., a Unitarian minister, born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 17, 1770. He graduated at Harvard, 1792, and was pastor at Haverhill from 1794 to 1803, and at Beverley from 1803 until 1826. His health failing, he spent the winter of 1827-8 in Charleston, S. C., and in Cuba, but died just as the ship reached quarantine at New York, June 7, 1828. He was a man of taste and culture, and an eloquent preacher. His Letters from Cuba were published after his death (Boston, 1829, 8 vo); and also a volume of Sermons, with a Memoir by Everett (Boston, 1831, 12 mo). \emdash Sprague, Unitarian Pulpit, p. 309 sq.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par }  LVAL* {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, BENJAMIN\par \par Abbot, Benjamin\par \par LL.D., a Unitarian minister, was a native of Andover, Mass. He graduated at Harvard College in 1788, and immediately afterwards took charge of the academy in Exeter. This position he held, with the highest reputation, until 1838, when he resigned. He spent the remainder of his days in Exeter, and died in 1811, See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, 8, 466.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUf{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, GEORGE\par \par Abbot, George\par \par D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury, brother of Robert (inf.), one of the translators of the English Bible, and a man of great ability and learning, was born at Guildford, October 29, 1562, and entered at Baliol College, Oxford, in 1578; subsequently was made Master of University College, and, in 1599, Dean of Winchester. At the university he was first brought into contact with Abp. Laud, whose ecclesiastical schemes he opposed through life. In 1604, Dr. Abbot was the second of eight learned divines at Oxford, chosen by King James, to whom the care of translating all (but the Epistles of) the New Testament was committed. In 1608, he assisted in a design to unite the churches of England and Scotland; in which his prudence and moderation raised him high in the favor of the king, who bestowed upon him successively the bishoprics of Lichfield (1609) and of London (1610). In 1611 his majesty elevated him to the See of Canterbury. As archbishop, he had the courage to displease the king by opposing the Book of Sports, the divorce of the Countess of Essex, and the Spanish match. In 1627, he ventured the displeasure of Charles 1, by refusing to license a sermon, which Dr. Sibthorpe had preached, to justify one of Charles's unconstitutional proceedings. For this act he was suspended from his functions, but was soon, though not willingly, restored to them. A cause of deep sorrow to him, in his latter days, was his having accidentally while aiming at a deer, shot one of Lord Zouch's keepers. He died Aug. 4, 1633. He was a Calvinist in theology, and, unfortunately, very intolerant toward Arminians and Arminianism. His Life, with that of his brother Thomas, was published at Guildford (1797 d 8 vo). His chief works are: Six Lectures on Divinity (Oxford, 1598,\par \par 4 to); Exposition of the Prophet Jo0LVAL@nah (1600, 4 to, new ed. Lond. 1845, 2 vols. with Life); A brief Description of the World (Lond. 1617, 4 to, et al.) Treatise of the perpetual Visibility and Succession of the true Church (1624, 4 to); Judgment of the Archbishop concerning Bowing at the Name of Jesus (Hamburg, 1632, 8 vo). \emdash Middleton, Evang. Biog.; Collier, Eccl. Hist. vol. 2; Neal, Hist. of Puritans, 1:556; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. 3, 409.\par \par \par \par (Below is a second article on the same topic.)\par \par \par (known as "The Puritan") son (or grandson). of Sir Thomas Abbot was born at Easington, East Yorkshire, in 1603 or 1604. He was elected probationer fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1624 and admitted LL.B. in 1630. He held Caldecote, Warwickshire, against prince Rupert and\par \par Maurice during the Civil War. Mr. Abbot was a member of the Long Parliament for Tamworth. He was not a clergyman, as has been said by some, nor yet a nephew of the archbishop of the same name; but he was a theologian and scholar of rare ability. He died Feb. 2 (or 4), 1648. He was the author of, The Whole Book of Job Paraphrased, or Made Easy for Any to Understand (1640): Vindicice Sabbathi (1641): \emdash Brief Notes upon the Whole Book of Psalms (1651). See Wood (Bliss's), Athenoe Oxonienses, s.v.; Cox, Literature of the Sabbath. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par \par \par } ^LVALn{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, GORHAM DUMMER\par \par Abbot, Gorham Dummer\par \par LLD., an American minister, teacher, and writer, was born at Brunswick, Me., Sept. 3, 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1826; and, after taking part of the theological course at Andover, he made the tour of the United States and several visits to Europe, in order to study the various systems of public education. In 1837 he became pastor of the Presbyterian Church at New Rochelle, N. Y.; in 1841 he became travelling agent for the American Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; in 1843 he organized the Abbot Collegiate Institute for young ladies, in New York, which was afterwards called the Spingler Institute. He retired from public life in 1866, and died July 31, 1874. \emdash He published, Pleasure and Profit: \emdash Prayer-book for the Young: \emdash The Family at Home: \emdash Nathan Dickerman: \emdash Mexico and the United States: their Mutual Relations and Common Interests (1869): \emdash and other works.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } 8LVAL"hUH{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, JACOB\par \par Abbot, Jacob\par \par a Unitarian minister, was born at Wilton, N. H., Jan. 7,1768. He prosecuted his studies, in preparation for college, under a Mr. Birge, who had opened a school in Wilton. He graduated at Harvard College in 1792, and immediately began teaching school in Billerica, Mass. Whatever of leisure he could command he devoted to the study of theology, under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Cumming, the Congregational minister of that place. He continued teaching but one year, when he returned to Cambridge and continued his theological studies under the direction of Dr. Tappan. He commenced preaching in 1795. After preaching in various places until 1797, he went to Coventry, Conn., and was shortly afterwards engaged to preach in the neighboring parish of Gilead. In 1798 he went to Hampton Falls, and commenced preaching there as a candidate. In due time a call was presented him, which he accepted, and was constituted their pastor in August of the same year. He was for many years a useful member of the Board of Trustees of the Exeter Phillips Academy; and also, for some years; a trustee of the Female Academy at Derry. He resigned his charge at Hampton Falls in April, 1826, and removed to a farm in Windham, N.H., where he preached occasionally in neighboring parishes. During the winter of 1827-28 he supplied Dr. Abiel Abbot's pulpit in Beverly, Mass. At Windham he preached, after a Unitarian society was formed there, and also superintended the schools of the town. On Nov. 2,1834, as he was crossing a pond on his return from meeting, the boat was upset and he was drowned. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, 8, 320.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } hLVALx{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, JOHN EMERY\par \par Abbot, John Emery\par \par a Unitarian minister, was born at Exeter, N.H. in 1793. He graduated at Bowdoin College, Me., in 1810. Shortly after leaving college he began his theological studies, and prosecuted them partly at the university in Cambridge, and partly under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Channing in Boston. In 1815 he was employed as a candidate, received and accepted a call, and was ordained and installed pastor of the Ninth Church in Salem. About this time he began to discover symptoms of pulmonary disease, and took a short journey South, from which he received injury rather than relief. Later he sailed for Havana; for some reason he was worse on his arrival than when he started. He grew rapidly worse while there, and soon found it necessary to return to Exeter. He died Oct. 6, 1819. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, 8, 466.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, JOHN LOVEJOY\par \par Abbot, John Lovejoy\par \par a Unitarian minister, was born at Andover, Mass., Nov. 29, 1783. He prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover; entered Harvard in 1801, and graduated in 1805. He then returned to his father's, and commenced the study of theology under the Rev. Jonathan French, the minister of the congregation in that place. In a short time, however, he went back to Cambridge, and was employed, as a subordinate officer of the college, at the same time pursuing his theological studies under Dr. Ware, professor of theology. In 1811 he was appointed librarian of the college and held the office two years. He was licensed to preach in 1808; and, during his residence at Cambridge, preached at various places: in the neighboring parishes. He was ordained and installed pastor of the First Church in Boston July 14, 1813. His health began to fail him while here, and he was obliged to take a voyage for his recovery. He passed the following summer in Brighton, near Boston, from there he went to Medford; and, finally, in reduced health, returned to his father's in Andover, where he died, Oct. 17, 1814. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit 8, 420.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hUl{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT, ROBERT\par \par Abbot, Robert\par \par D.D., Bishop of Salisbury, was born at Guildford, in Surrey, in 1560, took the degrees of M.A. in 1582, and that of D.D. in 1597. He won the good opinion of James I by a work in confutation of Bellarmine and Suarez, in defense of the royal authority, and was soon after made Master of Baliol College, and Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. As Vice-Chancellor of the University, he favored the Calvinistic theology, and opposed Laud to the utmost. In 1615 he was appointed by his brother (then Archbishop of Canterbury) to the bishopric of Salisbury, which, however, he enjoyed but a short time, and died on the 2 d of March, 1617. His works are:\par \par 1. Mirror of Popish Subtilties (Lond. 1594, 4 to);\par \par 2. Antichristi Demonstratio, contra Fabulas Pontificias, etc. (1603, 4 to);\par \par 3. Defence of the Reformed Catholic of W. Perkins against Dr. W. Bishop (1606, 1609, 4 to);\par \par 4. The Old Way, a Sermon (1610, 4 to);\par \par 5. The true Ancient Roman Catholic (1611, 4 to);\par \par 6. Antilogia (against the Apology of the Jesuit Endemon, for Henry Garnett, 1613, 4 to);\par \par 7. De Gratia et Perseverantia Sanctorum (1618, 4 to);\par \par 8. De amissione et intercessione Justification; et Gratioe, (1618, 4 to);\par \par 9. De Suprema Potestate Regia: (161 9. 4 to). He left in MS. a Latin commentary on Romans which is now in the Bodleian Library. \emdash Middleton, Eccl. Biog. \par \par \par \par (Below is a second article on the same topic.)\par \par \par \par Abbot, Robert\par \par a noted English Puritan divine, but not a Nonconformist, was born about 1589. He was educated at Cambridge, where he proceeded A.M., and was afterwards incorporated at Oxford. In 1616 he was presented to the vicarage of Cranbrook, Kent, by archbishop George AbbLVALot. His ministry at this place was very effective; "his parishioners were as his own sons and daughters to him; and by day and by night he thought and felt, wept and prayed, for them and with them." In 1643 he was transferred to the living of Southwick, Hants; and subsequently he became pastor of St. Augustine. London, where he continued to a good old age. He disappears from history some time previous to 1662. He wrote several works, which are distinguished for their terseness and variety. The principal of these are, A Hand of Fellowship to Helpe Keepe Out Sinne and Antichrist (1623): \emdash Bee Thankfull London and her Sisters (1626): \emdash Triall of our Church-forsakers (1639). See Brook, Puritans, 3, 182, 183; Wood (Bliss's), Athenoe Oxonienses. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVALJ {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, ALFRED FREEMAN\par \par Abbott, Alfred Freeman\par \par an English Wesleyan minister, was born at Lowestoft, July 8 1816. Piously trained, he early entered upon Christian work, and in 1839 was accepted as a candidate for the ministry. His sympathy for the poor aid afflicted, the simplicity of his trust in Christ, the singleness of his aim, and the cheerfulness of his disposition greatly endeared him to the people. Trials subdued and chastened his spirit. At the Conference of 1879 he was. appointed to Watford, Herts, where he died, Dec. 4, 1879. See Minutes of Wesleyan Conference, 1880, p. 20.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOT-HULL\par \par Abbot-Hull\par \par a Congregational minister, was born in Boston, Mass., June 15, 1702. He graduated at Harvard College in 1720; and died April 9, 1774, after a ministry of more than fifty years, See Sprague, Annuals of the Amer. Pulpit. 1, 241.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, BENJAMIN\par \par Abbott, Benjamin\par \par one of the most laborious and useful of the pioneer Methodist preachers in America, was born in Pennsylvania in 1732, and died Aug. 14,1796. He preached for twenty years with great zeal and success, chiefly in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Though an illiterate man, he was earnest, eloquent, enthusiastic, and self-sacrificing, \emdash and thousands were added to the Church through his labors. \emdash Firth, Life of B. Abbott (N. Y., 12 mo); Minutes of Conferences, 1:68; Stevens, Hist. of M. E. Ch. 1:382 sq.; Sprague, Annals, 7:41.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL.{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, CHARLES F.\par \par Abbott, Charles F.\par \par a Congregational minister, was born at Levington, Vt., Nov. 27, 1831. He was converted when nineteen years of age; fitted for college at Chester; graduated at Middlebury College in 1854, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1861. He offered himself as a missionary to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and was assigned work in Persia. The war, however, interfered with his going abroad at that time, and he was ordained at Bristol, N. H. in 1862, where he labored until his death, Sept. 20 1866. "Mr. Abbott was universally beloved; frank, generous, and noble; much disciplined in the school of sorrow, but cheerful; and, although anxious to live, cheered by the thought of rest." See Cong. Quar. 1867, p. 204.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, ELISHA L.\par \par Abbott, Elisha L.\par \par a Baptist missionary to Burmah and Aracan, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., Oct. 23, 1809, and received his education at the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution. He left this country for the field of his labors Sept. 23, 1835. In 1840 he established a mission in Sandoway, one of the districts of Aracan, confining his labors chiefly to the Karens from Burmah. In 1841 he reported 193 baptisms at this station. Mr. Abbott returned to the United States, on account of ill-health, in 1845, and remained here not far from two years. He resumed his work in Sandoway in 1848, and the most marked success followed his labors, hundreds of persons giving evidence of conversion and being baptized by him. In 1852 Mr. Abbott, with Mr. Van Meter, went to Basseni, where the divine blessing still attended his labors. His constant application to his missionary toil at last broke down his health, and he was compelled once more to return to the United States. He died at Fulton, N.Y., Dec. 3, 1843. Few missionaries in any denomination have had the privilege of welcoming a larger number of converts in Christian churches than Mr. Abbott. See Gammell, Hist. of Amer. Bap. Missions, p. 155-160, 181, 182.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } * LVAL: {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, GEORGE\par \par Abbott, George\par \par commenced his ministry among the Bible Christians in 1834. He labored with acceptability on eight different appointments in Somersetshire Dehire hire, and Cornwall, England. At South Netherton he was appointed twice. In his ministerial duties he was diligent and faithful, and his liberality was praiseworthy. After months of sickness, he died rather suddenly at Middle Chinnock, in the South Netherton Circuit, Sept. 25, 1878. \emdash See Minutes of 61 st Annual Conference, 1879.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, JACOB\par \par Abbott, Jacob\par \par D.D, a Congregational. minister and writer, elder brother of John S. C., Was born at Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1820, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1824. He was (for one year) tutor, and then professor of mathematics in Amherst College (1825-29), and afterwards took charge of Mount Vernon school for girls in Boston. Sept. 18, 1834, he was ordained pastor of a new Congregational Church in Roxbury, Mass., but in 1836 he removed to Farmington, Me., and, devoted himself to literary pursuits. He died at the latter place Oct. 31, 1879. He was the author of a very large number of popular and instructive works, especially for young persons, of which the most decidedly religious was the Young Christian series (N. Y. 1832 sq. 5 vols.). See Cong. Year-book, 1880, p. 9.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } 4LVALD{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, JACOB JACKSON\par \par Abbott, Jacob Jackson, D.D.,\par \par a Congregational minister, was born at Groton, Vt., July 17, 1813. He was prepared for college at Peacham Academy, and in 1835 entered Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1839. In 1841 he returned to Dartmouth College as a tutor, remaining there two years, until 1843, at which time he entered the Union Theological Seminary, and, after spending two years in study, graduated in 1845. His first pastorate was at Bennington, Vt., where he was ordained Aug. 27, 1845, and remained two years, when he was dismissed. (Aug. 17, 1847). He then went South, and became agent for the Tract Society, which position he retained one year. April 3, 1850, he was installed at Uxbridge, Mass., and in 1861 offered his resignation, but continued to supply the pulpit until Oct. 30, 1862, when he was dismissed. He was installed at Yarmouth, Me., Oct. 19, 1865, and was dismissed Oct. 14, 1875. He also served on the Christian Commission during 1864-65. From Yarmouth he went to Danville, N. Y., where he acted as a supply until 1877. From thence he went to New Haven, Con., in September, 1877, where he remained until his death, which occurred Dec. 3, 1878. He published articles in the Biblioth. Sac. See Cong. Year-book, 1879, p. 36.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } $LVAL4{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, JOHN STEPHENS CABOT\par \par Abbott, John Stephens Cabot, D.D.,\par \par a Congregational minister and writer, was born in Brunswick, Me. Sept. 18, 1805. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1829. He was ordained in 1830, and settled as pastor of churches successively at Worcester, Roxbury, and Nantucket, Mass., and New Haven, Conn. In 1844 he relinquished the pastorate and devoted himself exclusively to literature, except as he supplied some pulpit occasionally. He died at Fair Haven, Conn. June 17, 1877. He published numerous interesting works, chiefly on historical subjects, besides several of a directly religious character, especially Christian Duty: \emdash Practical Christianity, etc. See Harper's Weekly for July 7, 1877.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, JOSEPH\par \par Abbott, Joseph, Dd.D,\par \par a Congregational minister, was born in Philadelphia, Aug. 16, 1808. At the age of sixteen he entered the sophomore class in the University of Pennsylvania, and left that institution at the close of his junior year, completing his course at Union College, N. Y. During the greater part of the two years following he studied medicine, and soon after became a member of the First Presbyterian Church. His attention having been directed to the ministry, he entered the Andover Theological Seminary, where, after graduating, he devoted a year to the exclusive study of the Hebrew language. During the autumn and winter of 1830-31 he supplied the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church in Newburyport Mass. The next two years were passed in leisurely study; and then he was ordained pastor of the Dane Street Church, Beverly Mass., Oct. 23, 1834, and continued in this pastorate more than thirty years. He resigned in March, 1865, and thereafter, continued to resided in Beverly until his death, which occurred April 9, 1867. He acquired an excellent reputation as a scholar, and was an impressive preacher and an admirable pastor. \emdash See Cong. Quar. 1870, p. 333.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } ZLVALl{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, SAMUEL\par \par Abbott, Samuel\par \par a wealthy philanthropist, who died at Andover, Mass., April 30, 1812, at the age of eighty years, was a merchant of Boston; and on the establishment of the Andover Theological Seminary, in 1807, he gave $20,000, and in his will bequeathed it $100,000 more. See Drake, Dict. of Amer. Biog. s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, PITSON JOSEPH\par \par Abbott, Pitson Joseph\par \par a Presbyterian minister, was born at Cobleskill, N. Y., Aug. 11, 833. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Albany May 3, 1864. He graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1861, and afterwards entered Princeton Seminary, N.J., and graduated in 1864. He began his labors at Sydney Plains, Delaware Co., N.Y., in September, 1864; but left this field and accepted a call to the Church at Chazy, Clinton Co., May 1, 1868. In 1871 he went to Jefferson; next to Cannonsville, where he continued until 1875, in which year he died, May 11. Mr. Abbott was an earnest, indefatigable worker in the ministry, and held the respect and esteem of all his fellow-laborers. In all the relations of life he was faithful and. true. See Necrological Report of Princeton Theolog. Seminary, April 25,1876.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, THOMAS J.\par \par Abbott, Thomas J.\par \par a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born at Hartley, Canada, July 5, 1831. He experienced religion early in life; studied for the ministry in the Concord Theological School; received license to preach in 1853; and in 1858 was admitted into the New England Conference. In 1873 he was transferred to the South Carolina Conference, and for three years served the Centenary Church, Charleston. He then returned to the New England Conference, and labored zealously until his death, March 7, 1878. Mr. Abbott was a conscientious, outspoken man, an intense hater of caste, and heroic in all things relating to human freedom. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1878, p. 47.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL"hU{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBOTT, WILLIAM PENN\par \par Abbott, William Penn\par \par D.D., a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., Dec. 31, 1838. His paternal great-grandfather died defending, his home against the Indians in the famed Wyoming Valley; his maternal grandfather, the Hon. Charles Miner, was the historian of Wyoming and his cousin Mrs. Anna. Wentworth, was one of our earliest missionaries to China. When but a lad his father died, leaving him to the teachings and influences of his devoted Christian mother. From a child he knew the Scriptures. His education was limited to an academical course at West Chester, Pa., and a short time under the late, Dr. Nelson at Kingston. In 1859 he professed conversion, in 1861 was licensed to preach and labored within the limits of the Wyoming Conference, and in 1863 entered that conference on trial. In 1866 he was transferred to the Troy Conference, and in 1869 to the New York Conference, and he was stationed successively at Trinity Church, Newburgh; Washington Square, St. Lukes, and. Thirtieth Street, New York city, where he died Dec. 22, 1878. From the opening of his ministry Mr. Abbott attracted attention, and received the conversion of souls as God's seals to his ministry. He had no barren year in all the sixteen, and was never more successful than on his last charge. He was a diligent student, gifted with a prodigious memory, a well-balanced mind, quick perception, and boundless tact. His presence was commanding and prepossessing; his sermons short, practical, methodical, climactic, and piercing. He excelled as a pastor, and was best known as a great-hearted Christian friend. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1879, p. 27\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBREVIATION\par \par Abbreviation\par \par or the use of one or two initials for the whole of a word. These first occur, in a Scriptural connection, on some of the Maccabaean coins (Bayer, De nummis Hebraeo-Samaritanis), and in a few MSS. of the O. T. (especially <START HEBREW>yy\par <END HEBREW> for <START HEBREW>ho*hy=\par <END HEBREW>). They have been frequently resorted to for the purpose of explaining supposed discrepancies or various reading, both in words (Eichhorn, Einleit. ins A. T. 1:323; Drusius, Quaest. Ebraic. 3, 6) and numbers (Vignoles, Chronologie. pass.; Capellus, Critica Sacra, 1:10; Scaliger, in Walton's Prolegomena, 7:14; Kennicott's Dissertations), on the theory that letters were employed for the latter as digits (Faber, Literae olim pro vocibus adhibitoe, Onold, 1775), after the analogy of other Oriental languages (Gesenius, Gesch. d. fleb. Sprache, p. 173). In later times the practice became very common with the Rabbins (Selig's Compendia vocum Hebraico - Rabbinicarum; also Collectio abbreviaturarum Hebraicarum, Lpz., 1781), and was abused for cabalistical purposes (Danz, Rabbinismus Enucleatus). An instance of its legitimate numerical use occurs in Rev 13:18 (Eichhorn, Einleit. ins N. T. 4:199), and the theory has been successfully applied to the solution of the discrepancy between Mark 15:25, and John 19:14 (where the Greek \par <START GREEK>g\par <END GREEK> [gamma=3] has doubtless been mistaken for \par <START GREEK>$\par <END GREEK> [sigma= 6]).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } $LVAL 6{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBT, THOMAS\par \par Abbt, Thomas,\par \par A German theological writer, was born at Ulm. Nov. 25, 1738. He received his education in his native place, and in 1756 went to the University of Halle, where he was invited by Prof. Baumgarten to live in his house. In 1760 he was appointed professor extraordinary of philosophy in the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He passed six months of the following. year at Berlin, and left that city to fill the mathematical chair in the University of Rinteln, Westphalia. Wearying of academical life, he entered the profession of law, and in 1765, was presented by the reigning prince of Schaumburg-Lippe to the office of councillor of the court, regency, and consistory of Buckeburg. He died Nov. 27, 1766. Besides other publications (in German or Latin), he wrote early paradoxical essays on The Burial of Moses (Halle, 1757, 4 to): \emdash Confusion of Tongues Not a Punishment (ibid. 4 to): \emdash Search of Truth (ibid. 1759, 4 t0). See Nicolai. Ehrengedachtniss d. Abbt (Berlin, 1767, 4 to).\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBREVIATOR\par \par Abbreviator\par \par a clerk or secretary employed in the Papal Court to aid in preparing briefs, bulls, etc. They were first employed by Benedict XII in the 14 th century. Many eminent men have filled the office. Pius II (AEneas Sylvius) was an abbreviator for the Council of Basle.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } X LVALh {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABBUTO\par \par Abbuto\par \par a Japanese idol, invoked for curing disease. and for procuring favorable winds for sailing.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } LVAL{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDA\par \par Ab'da\par \par (Heb. Abda', <START HEBREW>aD*b=u~\par <END HEBREW> [a Chaldaizing form], the servant, i. e. of God), the name of two men.\par \par 1. (Sept. \par <START GREEK>\~)Abda/\par <END GREEK>.) The father of Adoniram, which latter was an officer under Solomon (1 Kings 4:6). B.C. ante 995 \par \par 2. (Sept. \par <START GREEK>\~)Abdi/a$\par <END GREEK>.) The son of Shammua and a Levite of the family of Jeduthun, resident in Jerusalem after the exile (Neh 11:17); elsewhere called Obadiah See Obadiah (q.v.), the son of Shemaiah (1 Chron 9:16).\par \par Abdas, a Persian bishop during the reign of Yezdegird (or Isdegerdes), King of Persia, under whom the Christians enjoyed the free exercise of their religion. Abdas, filled with ill-directed zeal, destroyed ( A.D. 414) one of the temples of the fire-worshippers; and being ordered by the monarch to rebuild the temple, refused to do so, although warned that, if he persisted, the Christian temples would be destroyed. Yezdegird put the bishop to death, and ordered the total destruction of all the Christian churches in his dominions; upon which followed a bitter persecution of the Christians, which lasted thirty years, and was the occasion of war between Persia and the Roman empire. In the Romish and Greek Churches he is commemorated as a saint on May 16. See Socrat. Ch. Hist. 7:18; Neander, Ch. Hist. 2:110; Theod. Hist. Eccl. v. 39; Butler, Lives of Saints, May 16.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } BLVALR{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDAL\par \par Abdal\par \par a name given to a peculiar class of Mohammedan devotees. They go bareheaded and with naked legs, half covered with the skin of some wild beast, having a leathern girdle about the waist, from which hangs a bag. Some of them have about the middle of their bodies a copper serpent, bestowed upon them by their doctors as a mark of learning. Their doctrines are totally subversive of good order in society, since they hold that all actions are indifferent, and that God is served in the haunts of the profligate as much as in the mosques. They carry in their hands a kind of club, which they use as a magic wand. They chiefly employ themselves in wandering about, selling relics, and obtaining charity.' They are also called Santons and Calenders. \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } BLVALT{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDALLAH IBN-TAIB ABUL-FARAJ\par \par Abdallah Ibn-Taib Abul-Faraj\par \par was a native of Irak, and a Christian physician of the sect of Nestoriaihs. who died about 1043. He wrote commentaries upon Aristotle and Galen. He also wrote a large number of works upon medicine and theology, which have never been published. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDALLAH BEN-AL-PHADELI\par \par Abdallah ben-Al-Phadeli\par \par a Melchitic deacon in Sycia, who died in 1044, was the author of the following works in Syriac or Arabic: The Paradise of Christians: \emdash A Commentary on the Pentateuch and other Books of the Holy Scripture: \emdash A Treatise on Fasting, Almsgiving, and Prayer: \emdash Answers to the Questions of the Nestorian Patriarch. He is chiefly known as the translator of the Psalms from the Sept. into Arabic. They were published at Aleppo in 1706, at the expense of the Greek patriarch Athanasius of Antioch, and in 1735 in the Monastery of St. John at Kesroan, on Mount Lebanon. Abdallah also translated some of Chrysostom's writings into Arabic. See Goiri Catal. Manuscript. Bibl. Med. p. 64, 130; Catal. Manuscript. Bibl. Reg. 1, 105; Le Long-Masch Bibl. Sacra, 2, 124. (B.P)\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } tLVAL, d{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDELMESIAS\par \par Abdelmesias\par \par an Egyptian who became a Coptic monk and priest of the Monastery of St. Macarius in the desert. He was procurator and orator of Gabriel, patriarch of Alexandria. His publications are, A Deputation of the Patriarch to Pope Clement VIII: \emdash and a Profession of Faith (made at Rome, Jan. 14, 1595), given in Baronius, vol. 6, at the end. See Landon, Eccles. Dict. s.v.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDEEL\par \par Ab'deel\par \par (Heb. Abdeel', <START HEBREW>la@D=b=u~\par <END HEBREW>, servant of God; Sept. \par <START GREEK>Abdih/l\par <END GREEK>), the father of Shelemaiah, which latter was one of those commanded to apprehend Jeremiah (Jer 36:26). B.C. ante 605 \par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database. Copyright \'a9 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.)\par \par } {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\cf1\lang1033\f0\fs29 ABDECALIS\par \par Abdecalis (Abdechalis, Or Abdella)\par \par a martyr, vicar of Simeon, bishop of Seleucia. He died near the middle of the 4 th century, during the persecution of the Christians in Persia under the reign of Sapor II. His memory is celebrated April 21.\par (from McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic